No. 4.] NEW ENGLAND AGRICULTURE. 95 



dairyman of to-day are lacking. Such cows al\va3's bring 

 returns to their owners. They are tlie mothers which 

 respond to care, kindness and environment. 



In breeding, look well to the male. The meanest scrub is 

 the pure-bred scrub. Herds are yearly being ruined because 

 owners have relied on purity of blood and not studied pedi- 

 gree and individuality. Always use pure-bred males, but 

 make cei'tain that their dams and orand dams were eTcat 

 producers ; that tliey themselves are of distinctly dairy type 

 back of the shoulders, have that quality and flexibility of 

 skin which indicates what is wanted ; have well-defined rudi- 

 mentiiries, free and distinct from the scrotum, and the more 

 of udder development the better ; but making certain that, 

 with all these, there is i)ronounced masculinity in head, neck 

 and shoulders. Too many herds are headed by effeminate 

 l)ulls, and they never improve the qualit}^ of the offspring. 

 Such an animal as has been described, from an}' of the dairy 

 breeds, will improve the herd, giving heifers which, Avhen 

 intelligently weeded, will give great producers. 



You determine very largely the future of the calf before 

 it is six months old. If milk production is to claim atten- 

 tion five or ten years hence, these suggestions are of the 

 gravest importance. 



Beyond this, there is the great question of rations. Too 

 many carry their milk checks to the grain stores, and go 

 home empty handed for their labor, save that they have in 

 the dressing that which will increase the value of their farms. 

 Such methods are too slow a way for getting on in the world 

 now. 



What crops can be grown to increase the carrying capacity 

 of the farm, and reduce the output for western grain ? What 

 combination of grain and fodders will insure the best health 

 and production ? What quantity can be fed most profitably ? 

 Here are vital problems to every milk or butter producer, 

 and you ask the speakers on tliis platform to answer them, 

 but they cannot be solved by another. You must "work 

 out your own salvation, with fear and trembling." 



If the experiment station could determine this for the 

 dairymen f)f the State, it would dwarf their manhood, lower 



