No. 4.] DAIRYING. 113 



surveyed two registered Ayrshire herds which for years had 

 been under careful observation by the station as to milk 

 and butter yields, using, of course, the Ayrshire score card. 

 The outcome was essentially as follows : 30 mature cows, 

 scoring 90 or above, gave 6,478 pounds of milk and 321 

 pounds of butter ; 20 mature cows, scoring 88 or 89, gave 

 6,263 pounds of milk and 325 pounds of butter ; 12 mature 

 cows, scoring 80 to 87, gave 5,699 pounds of milk and 286 

 pounds of butter. 



Again, the relationship of udder conformation — be it 

 well-balanced, ill-balanced, funnel-sliaped, deficient in any 

 respect — to the milk and butter yield was similarly studied 

 by one of our senior students, using the station herd, with 

 results as follows : Thirty-four cows were surveyed, and 

 their records for from one to eight years averaged. Five, 

 with finely balanced udders, averaged 5,725 pounds of 

 milk ; 18, with fairly well-balanced glands, 5,377 pounds ; 

 and 11, with ill-balanced udders, 5,219 pounds of milk. 

 The butter yields were 342, 333 and 324 pounds respec- 

 tively. Four out of 5 cows with well-balanced udders made 

 more butter than did the average of the 18 which had but 

 fairly well-balanced udders, or the 11 with poorly balanced 

 glands. They also made more than the average of the herd 

 for twelve years, — 324 pounds. Per contra, 8 out of the 

 11 coAvs with poorly balanced udders made less butter than 

 did the average of the 5 who were thus well built, or the 

 18 whose glands were fairly well formed ; and their records 

 were all, moreover, below the twelve-year herd average of 

 324 pounds. 



These determinations were made with cows far above the 

 average in productive capacity. It seems fair to assume 

 tliat, had inferior or average cows been under survey, the 

 results would have been even more pronounced. But it all 

 goes to show that the up-grading of a herd by breeding is 

 likely to be a slow process. If intelligence is used, how- 

 ever, the progress taken in the gross, though slow, is likely 

 to be fairly certain, provided that cross-breeding is not 

 practised. This procedure generally results less favorably 

 than does mating within breeds. 



