No. 4.] DAIRYING. 119 



trench is deep enough to make the cow uncomfortable if 

 she tries to lie with her flank therein. It is stated tliat this 

 simple device practically solves this question. 



Before we pass on in our brief review of these dozen sug- 

 gestions, from the 7 which have to do with stable construc- 

 tion and management to the 5 which deal with the care of 

 the milk, let me say in general, touching the care of milk, 

 that it is now well understood : — 



(rt) That most of the ills which befall milk are of bacterial 

 origin ; that (6) practically all the bacteria get into the milk 

 after it leaves the udder; that (c) bacteria may be com- 

 batted in three ways: (1) they may be kept out of the 

 milk; (2) they may be killed when in the milk; (3) their 

 growth therein may be checked. 



Exclusion, destruction, restriction : exclusion tlu-ough 

 cleanliness ; destruction hy heat or chemicals ; restriction 

 by cold. The cheapest way to accomplish the desired end 

 is doubtless to kill with chemicals ; but fortunately the 

 "embalming"' — as it has been aptly termed — of milk is 

 now an oftence against man's laws, as it has always been 

 against God's laws. Refrigeration and pasteurization are 

 both eftective, and so may be the simple, every-clay cleanli- 

 ness with which the 5 final suggestions have to do. Let me 

 rehearse them again : — 



8. The use of sanitary milk pails. 



9. The use of milking clothes. 



10. Brushing off the cow before milking. 



11. The rejection of the fore milk. 



12. The prompt removal and handling of the milk. 



8. The ordinar}" milk pail is at fault in two particulars, 

 as to its top and to its bottom, both of which are open and 

 ought to be closed, the one against the inlet of dirt, dan- 

 druff, hairs, flecks of dry excreta, bacteria, etc. ; the other 

 against the inflow of the milk itself. The sanitary pail is 

 so important and so effective a mechanism, and yet withal 

 so simple and so cheap a device, that I may be forgiven for 

 laying some little stress upon it. The several forms differ 

 from the ordinary pail in being partly or wholly closed at 

 the top, and in having either no seam at the juncture of 



