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ivy), Prunus americana (wild yellow plum), Prunus pennsylvanica 

 (wild red cherry) , Primus virginiana (choke-cherry) , Prunus avium 

 (English cherry), Rubus occidentalis (black raspberry), Bubus 

 villosus (high blackberry), Bubus idceus (garden raspberry), Bosa 

 nitida (wild rose), Pyrus malus (common apple), Bibes rubrtim 

 (common red currant), Fraxinus americana (white &.sh), Morus 

 rubra (red mulberry), Quercus alba (white oak), Quercus coccinea, 

 (scarlet oak) , Pinus strobus (white pine) , Pinus rigida (pitch pine) , 

 Tsuga canadensis (hemlock), Juniperus virginiayia (red cedar). 



The orchard itself is a typical old orchard, such as is often found 

 on small farms. It has suffered greatly from neglect. Two-thirds 

 of the original trees have died or are in the last stages of dissolu- 

 tion. This is largely the result of neglect and improper pruning. 

 Dead limbs and hollows in the trees have offered nesting places 

 for such birds as the wren, woodpecker and bluebird. 



For three years, from 1891 to 1893, inclusive, the trees were 

 trimmed and cared for. They were sprayed or banded to pro- 

 tect them from canker-worms, and the " nests" of the tent cater- 

 pillar {Clisiocampa americana) were removed. The result was a 

 scanty yield of apples from most of the trees. One or two bore 

 quite plentifully. 



In order to observe the effect of the feeding of birds in the 

 orchard, no care was taken in 1894 to protect the trees. During 

 that year the tent caterpillars were very numerous in the vicinity, 

 and it became evident also that a great increase in the number of 

 canker-worms was taking place in the neighborhood. Although 

 these insects made considerable inroads upon the trees, they did 

 not seriously injure the foliage anywhere except in one or two 

 instances. No attempt had been made previous to 1895 to foster 

 or encourage the birds in the neighborhood, except that a few nest- 

 ing boxes were put up in 1894, which were occupied in one case by 

 a family of wrens and in another by the English or house sparrow. 

 We were careful, however, to destroy the nests of the house 

 sparrow. 



In the fall of 1894 it was noticed that immense numbers of the 

 wingless females of the fall canker-worm {Anisopteryx pometaria) 

 were ascending nearly all the trees and depositing their eggs ; 

 also, that the eggs of the tent caterpillar moths were numerous 

 upon the twigs, promising a plentiful supply for 1895. 



Having allowed the insects one year to increase unmolested by 

 man, we began in the winter of 1894-95 to encourage the presence 

 of birds in the orchard. 



In 1894 a small tree in the centre of the orchard had been en- 

 closed by a high board fence. The tree thus enclosed was used as 



