No. 4.] BREEDING, ETC., DAIRY CATTLE. 89 



give room for that breadth of udder so necessary to secure 

 the requisite size. You should see the cow milked to make 

 sure that the udder is entirely free from hard fatty tissue, 

 and that the quality and texture is all that is to be desired. 

 In brief, the udder should be uniform and symmetrica], 

 spherical, and the quarters smoothly joined, with four easily 

 milked teats of good size. Do not forget to demand the size, 

 and remember that the udder cannot be attached too high in 

 the rear, have too great breadth, or run too far to the front. 

 If the mother of the bull possesses all these qualities in a 

 marked degree she should be a comely matron ; and if she has 

 grace and beauty she is worthy to be the mother of our bull. 

 Possibly we might excuse the grand dams if they were only 

 fairly good in some of these points, but any marked weak- 

 ness in any one of them should be sufficient to cause us to 

 reject the bull himself and look further for our dairy sire. 



The pedigree of the bull being satisfactory, what shall we 

 demand of the animal himself? He should possess the re- 

 finement and form of the dairy cow as far as is consistent 

 with a strong masculinity, but do not let us confuse ugliness 

 or beefiness with masculinity. He should have all the indi- 

 cations of constitution, capacity, strong nervous tempera- 

 ment, well-marked mammary veins and milk wells, with as 

 large and well-placed rudimentaries as it is possible to get. 

 He should possess majesty, beauty, power and be every inch 

 a king. I have not mentioned the sire and grandsires, be- 

 cause I should be inclined to greater leniency in judging 

 them than in judging the cows. But I should require of 

 them the same general type sought for in my dairy sire. 



Having selected my herd bull, I would next look for the 

 females to mate with him. I would, if possible, select two or 

 more registered cows or heifers, animals possessing constitu- 

 tion, capacity, nervous temperament, and the indications of 

 circulation and ability even if heifers, for these qualities are 

 stamped on the calf if possessed in a strong degree. And 

 above all things see to it that your heifers or cows are sired 

 by. a great bull, as the daughters of a sire inherit his excel- 

 lencies or defects with almost unfailing accuracy. If my 

 capital were limited (and the breeders on small farms whom 



