No. 4.] PRUNING THE GKAPE. 199 



the second wire and then to the third, as growth permits. 

 Near the base of the canes, but upon older wood at the head 

 of the stem, short spurs carrying two or three buds are main- 

 tained from which shoots develop to furnish the fruiting 

 canes of the following year. In this method the amount of 

 old wood retained is reduced to a minimum, but the labor 

 of tying is greatly increased. Large quantity and high 

 quality of fruit commend the method. 



Simr Renewal; Horizontal-arm Spur System. 

 The trellis for this system is practically the same as for 

 the high renewal. Two canes are laid down to right and 

 left, as in the high renewal, but in this system these canes 

 become permanent arms and do service for several years. 

 The shoots that develop from budfe on these canes the cur- 

 rent year are cut back to two buds. Two shoots are allowed 

 to go from each of these spurs and are tied to the upper 

 wires. In the fall the cane developed from the upper bud 

 of the spur is cut away and the other canes cut to two buds 

 as before. At the beginning of the next season we have, as 

 in the previous year, two shoots springing from a spur on 

 these permanent arms. The spurs lengthen rapidly and 

 become crooked, making it necessary to cut them away every 

 few years and to grow others from shoots that arise on the 

 arms. The spurs are developed from 5 to 20 inches apart. 

 Formerly a favorite method of training, the " spur renewal " 

 is now passing from practice. 



Spur Renewal; Chautauqua System. 

 This system is a modification of the one just described 

 much used in the great Chautauqua Belt in western New 

 York. Permanent arms are used to support the shoots 

 which, as they grow, are tied to the two or three wire trellis. 

 The shoots may be tied obliquely or perpendicularly. If two 

 wires are used they are placed about 34 inches apart; if 

 three, about 20 inches apart. The canes for tying up the 

 following year either develop directly from the old wood 

 or arise from spurs on the arms, or from the best buds of 

 the past season's canes. The old arms should be renewed at 



