518 SYPHILIS 



the name spirochcete refringens has been given. This organism 

 is usually somewhat longer, and is distinctly thicker than the 

 spirochsete pallida. As the name implies, it is more highly 

 refractile, and it is much more easily detected than the latter 

 organism ; its curves also are more open and much less regular, 

 and they vary in their appearance during the movements. In 

 stained films (see p. 116), the differences between the organisms 

 come out more distinctly, as can be gathered from the accom- 

 panying photograph (Fig. 160). The spirochsete pallida by the 

 Giemsa stain is coloured somewhat faintly, and of reddish tint, 



FIG. 158. Film preparation from juice of hard chancre showing 

 spirochsete pallida. Giemsa's stain. x2000. (From a preparation 

 by Dr. Haswell Wilson.) 



whilst the regular spiral twistings are preserved ; the spirochsete 

 refringens shows flatter, wave-like bends, and, like other organ- 

 isms, is stained of a bluish tint. By using Loffler's stain for the 

 flagella of bacteria, Schaudinn was able to demonstrate a single 

 delicate flagellum at each pole of the spirochsete pallida, while 

 no undulating membrane could be detected ; on the other hand, 

 several other species, including the spirochaete refringens, showed 

 a distinct undulating membrane. Two flagella at one pole of 

 the spirochaete pallida were also seen, an appearance which 

 Schaudinn thought might represent the commencement of 

 longitudinal fission. 

 The number of publications with regard to the distribution of 



