17 



Sun Scald. 



This is a common type of injury, especially to the apple, 

 pear, peach and plum, and is more likely to affect nonripened 

 wood. It is much more common on neglected apple trees, and 

 a few years ago was quite prevalent in the State, particu- 

 larly on the lower branches, which were secluded from the 

 light. Sun scald is characterized by a sunken, blackened 

 appearance of the bark. Anything which prevents the wood 

 from ripening makes the tree more susceptible to this trouble, 

 and canker often follows it. 



A similar trouble is known as collar rot, to which certain 

 varieties of apples are particularly susceptible. This at- 

 tacks the base of the tree, and is characterized by the death 

 and abnormal appearance of the outer bark. 



Storage Bukns. 



A storage burn of the apple which causes discolored spots, 

 and which is undoubtedlv a climatic trouble, occurs oc- 

 casionally. This was unusually common during the fall of 

 1912, and one large shipment of Massachusetts apples to 

 Europe was ruined in transit by the burn. 



There are undoubtedly a number of causes responsible for 

 storage burns, such as lack of light, too much soil moisture, 

 etc., when the fruit is ripening, also warm periods such as 

 were common during the past fall and winter (1912-13). 



Speaying Injury. 



Most of the spray injuries in our region result from 

 unfavorable climatic conditions preceding or during the 

 time of spraying, although some are due to the unusual sus- 

 ceptibility of certain varieties, and others to improperly 

 prepared spray material. Peach and plum trees, for ex- 

 ample, are injured by customary strengths of the Bordeaux 

 mixture, and we have seen plum trees defoliated by spraying 

 with arsenate of lead. It is possible to cause injury with 

 almost any insecticide or fungicide under certain conditions, 



