6 



number of canes laid down and the subsequent treatment 

 are the same as in the other systems so far described. This 

 method, too, is used when vines are vigorous and the soil 

 rich. 



Umbrella Knijfen Systeyn. 

 In the umbrella Kniffen system two canes are used in- 

 stead of four, each having from eight to twenty buds. The 

 canes are taken from spurs on the trunk at the top wire. 

 They are then tied to right and left for a distance along 

 the upper wire after which they are bent down to the lower 

 wire and secured. The clusters of grapes are supposed to 

 be better protected from heat and sunscald by the umbrella 

 method of training, and the method is used, therefore, in 

 warm climates and with tender varieties in cold climates. 



One-wire Knijfen System. 

 The one-wire Kniffen is a modification of the umbrella 

 method, but differs in that the trellis has but one wire about 

 4 feet above the ground. The trunk is fastened to the wire 

 and two canes of from ten to twelve buds are taken off and 

 laid to right and left of the stem. The cheapness of the 

 trellis commends this system to some growers. 



Upright Systems. 



The upright systems are those in which two or more canes 

 or arms are carried horizontally along the wires or obliquely 

 across them, and the shoots as they develop are tied to wires 

 above. Several upright systems, each with distinctive merits, 

 are in vogue with grape growers. 



The High Renewal System. 

 In this system the trellis is made with two or more, usu- 

 ally three, wires. The lower wire is placed from 18 to 30 

 inches above the ground, while the second and third wires 

 are 20 inches apart. The trunk of the vine is carried to 

 the first wire, and two canes each with from six to ten buds 

 are taken off to right and left a little below the wire. The 

 shoots that grow from the buds on these canes are tied to 



