68 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc. 



Are my crop yields 10 to 20 per cent better than my 

 neighbors' who have the same soil ? If not, will it not pay 

 to improve them ? 



Are my cows at least 50 per cent better than my neigh- 

 bors' ? If not, how much am I losing on them per year ? 

 Had I best stop keeping cows, or get better ones ? 



Am I getting at least 20 per cent of my receipts from the 

 sale of cash crops ? If not, could I make more by raising 

 cash crops ? 



Am I getting at least 20 per cent of my money from animal 

 products ? If not, am I making good use of low-grade farm 

 products, and am I and my horses kept well employed most 

 of the year? 



Question. Is that $11,000 you showed on the slide the 

 actual capital, the equity ? 



Professor Warren. 'No, it is the total capital, the value 

 of the investment. The average mortgage, deducted from 

 this, gives you what the farmer owns. The average is some- 

 thing like $2,000 ; still, it doesn't make a different figure. 

 Suppose the farmer is in debt for all his capital, he would 

 pay this interest; if he was in debt for none of it, he pays 

 it to himself, you see. 



Question. (Following slide showing increased output 

 per man, but not increased output per horse.) Isn't that due 

 to improved machinery? 



Professor Warren. An improved driver and improved 

 machinery, yes, but here is the thing: a lot of men here 

 probably remember when you never cultivated anything with 

 more than one horse, and now a lot of you use a two-horse 

 cultivator and do almost twice as much per man. A good 

 many can remember when you always plowed using two 

 horses, and then you commenced to plow with three, and 

 some with four, and the further west you get the more you 

 find. The result is more crops raised per man, but the horse 

 isn't doing any more. Even with four horses and one driver 

 you won't get any more work than if you had two men 

 driving two horses apiece, but the man is doing more. You 

 find the same thing all the way through ; take, for instance, 



