306 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc. 



upon Angouleme or Anjou trees, which makes a better tree than when 

 budded directly upon the quince. 



The Louise Bon de Jusey is excellent as a dwarf. The tree grows 

 to good size, while the fruit is large and of the best quality. The 

 fruit is yellow and green when ripe, and often with a handsome blush. 

 It is very juicy and has a slight astringency, which makes it particu- 

 larly good for canning. This variety is not grown much in late years, 

 but for dwarf culture it is one of the kinds that will return profits. 



The Josephine is a pear of high quality, ripening in the autumn and 

 early winter, grows well as a dwarf, and is a pear to be included in 

 planting for market or for the home garden. 



Winter Nelis is one of the finest early winter pears, but should be 

 top or double-worked if grown as a dwarf. 



Distance to plant Dwarf Trees. 



They should be planted 16 feet in both directions. Dwarf trees 

 must have high culture; sufficient space should be given to allow a 

 pair of horses to work between them at all times, and 16 feet is none 

 too much. As the trees must be kept regularly pruned, this width 

 between the trees will be sufficient to allow for cultivation, spraying 

 and gathering the fruit. Planted at this distance, 172 trees may be 

 set upon an acre. 



In planting dwarf trees, the point of union between the pear and 

 quince should be set 4 inches under the ground. If the union is above 

 the ground, as is often the case, the trees will break at that point and 

 they will be short lived. The deep planting will insure the trees from 

 breaking when loaded with fruit, and they will live to be a century 

 old. The bark of the pear stock may at any time in the spring be 

 split in one or two places with a knife, and changed into a standard 

 tree if desired. By this process roots will be formed on the pear stock 

 which will change its character to that of a standard. To hasten the 

 process, after splitting the bark, making the cuts well down on the 

 pear stock about 1 inch long in the form of a cross, turn up the corner 

 of the bark and place a small wooden plug under it. Roots will be 

 formed in a short time, that will extend out into the soil. At these 

 points there will be a check in the movement of the sap that will result 

 in the formation of roots. As the trees are set at distances for dwarfs, 

 this operation would not be desirable unless a portion of the trees were 

 taken out. 



Cultivation. 



The cultivation of the soil is of the highest importance after the 

 trees have been set, and this should begin with the planting and be 

 regularly continued. When the trees begin to bear fruit freely, they 

 do not make so vigorous growth; and when growth ceases, the tree 

 will soon begin to decline, hence some fertilizer should be applied. 

 In addition to bearing fruit, the trees should make an annual growth 



