NUPHAR 



polysfipalum, Engelm. Larger than -V. (ulfe>ia.[the 

 Ivs. three-fourths as broad as long, erect iu shallow- 

 water and tioating in deep water: fls. 4-5 in. across, 

 yellow, the sepals 8-12, and the petals 12-18 and broad. 

 N. Calif., northward and east to the Rockies. 



XURSEKY 



1097 



mteum, Sibth. & Smith. European Yellow Lily. 

 Lvs. cordate-ovate, floating or rising little above the 

 water: fls. yellow, somewhat fragrant, smaller than 

 Those of X. nilrena, the sepals 5, and the petals very 

 stigma 10-30-rayed. Europe. 



B. Plant slende: 

 Smith ( 



mill 



often delicate. 



DC). Slender: 



small, oblong, with a deep sinus and spreading lobes: 

 fls. lin. or less across, yellow : stigmas 8-12, prominently 

 indented. Eu. — By Bentham considered to be a form of 

 N. hileum. 



Kalmiantun, R.Br. (.T. 7«/,»»i of American authors, 

 at least in part). Slendtr.\v iili |ir-iiiih. ni -Ml.m.i-,,! or- 

 bicular, lettuce-like lvs., ai ' . ,, , - ' iiing, 

 and only 3 or 4 in. lone;: i! Mow, 



■with 5 sepals, and thin >|-: u. iMi.,i-, .: ,^,,,;,, i;-7. 



N. y., west and south. — A \i-i\ KiUiL>iiiii; I'i.im. 



AA. Lvs. long-sagittal: 



sagittsefdlium, Pursh. Rathi 



floating, about 1 ft. long and 2- 



lvs. similar in shape, 



oblong: southern. 

 tout: emersed lvs. 

 I. wide: submerged 

 yellow. 



petals spatulate: stigma 



I and Illinois southward. 



L. H. B. 



'^ 



NURSERY : 



rearing of pla 

 rearing of any 

 is restricted to 

 of hardy, raon 



'ili'M' , ;iii I -i;iMi~linient for the 

 I I ; : -xists for the 



I -"II 'I '•' the growing 



cause of the early and great deveiupmeut of orcharding 

 and tree planting and the relative infrequency of glass 



In North America i 

 know it, is practically an institution of the present 

 century, although there were nurseries more than a 

 century ago (see Vol. II, p. 766). As early as 1768, 

 according to J. H. Hale, the New York Society for Pro- 

 motion of Arts awarded Thomas Y'oung a premium of 

 £10 for the largest number of apple trees, the number 

 being 27.123. But the large trading nursery developed 

 simultaneously with the great orchard planting industry 



York and 



which began in west 



ward, and, since the civil war, to the southward. 



Tlie only available statistics covering the general 

 range of the United States nursery business are these 

 published in Bulletin 109 of the Eleventh Censu.s (figures 

 for 18901. by J. H. Hale. The census enumerated the 



rc|.n-iiiiih- a \;il'i:,n.-i: -1 - I i ,< i>„s:i5.80. The total 

 ca]'ii:il in\i'-Ti-'! w ;i- :iiM>iit >:,_'. :,iiii, Mill). These cstabllsh- 

 ni.-ni- rii:|.i,.., ,| r,j.-,: III. h. J.J/i uomen. and 14,200 



, ,,.,,:,.: ,: ,:.. Qf thiS 



I .■ . ■ , I : ! I i •■-II, I ■ ■ -. .1 ,. i .^.u ill. 1. 12 plants, 



' : i.-:..(;i(.,.:,si(i. Apple 



• ' ■ i.T a single species, 



I I assume that each 



' \Mis the subject of 



I - I I M -I III 1 II III the propagator; 



il'iiM" tliiii iM'i "I," III II liiuidred has lived to 



tlir ii|i]ili' trrrs ii,,w siiiii,ling in orchards iu 

 StiLti s arc iMii. 11(111. iioii. ,,r less than half the 

 ■wing in the nurseries in 1890. The elements 

 many, but tlie greater part of the failures 

 the stock has passed to the hands of the 



one-ninth nf 

 in New Yorl 

 a capital of 



ver $12 



\ .1 y . \t. iiMvi- nursery 

 re now i-stal.ii-lir.l in iimnx- .itlii-r parts of 

 the country, and it is i.n.lialih- tliat the la liter of the 

 nursery business will move westward. 



In America, nursery stock is grown on a large scale. 

 This is particularly true of fruit trees. These trees are 

 to be set in wide and open orrluirds, ami the nursery 

 practices are therefore verv iiiilil,i ili..-. \vliirli obtain 

 in Europe. In the latter ..ir • , , i,],!,., fruit 

 trees are trained in the nur-. i na definite 

 shapes. Some are trained Im n.i.c i i ii. ltow to 

 one straight, bare trunk. Otliii.-..ii ■ ' l.r taiv), 

 specimens, some for growing on wall- • -i nia i'^. 

 some with round heads, some with ia,i, i ,, - n.i 

 the like. It is the pride of the Ann ri n. 

 however, that his rows shall be perfirt I . i i , i in- 

 form. Any break in this uniformity i~ . i ia- 



a blemish. If every tree could be a dni r. . . ly 

 other, his ideal would be attained, c ii ,i n n , i . , iinit 

 trees are trained to single stems, the \"\' i .: a" 



or three feet fn.m till- Ki-imiia. Allfn n al- 



appie was a laiiiniioii prariir.. in tli.- , a-i. i i, -,,a. - , i at 



is supplied with on.- \. im a -n i a r-a. In the western 

 states, however, n.ia j iim _ - -nil popular, partly 

 because more than him i . - i i made from an indi- 

 viihial root, and laiitl. liaii-M ii allows the operator to 

 u-a II laij MMMi anil to put the foster root far below the 

 sin ! Mowing the cion to send out its own 



Tool - I , J ilie tree to become own-rooted and to 



considered that laud which has been "treed "is therefore 

 unfit for the growing of other fruit stock until it shall 

 have rested in clover or other crops for a period of five 

 vears or more. Ornamental stock is often grown con- 

 tiiiuiiiislv Mil tliM saiiiM laiiil with good results, even when 

 tha -ana ,p,aa - 1- -rowii. This is largely due to the 

 fart iliiii MI II a nam a I -tork Is soW by Its slz'e and not by 

 its ai-'M. ami tlniafori- rapidity of growth is not so im- 

 portant as it is in the case of fruit trees. It has been 

 supposed that this necessity of rotation is due to the 

 exhaustion of certain plant-food elements from the soil. 

 It has been found by careful experiments, however, that 



