ORCHIS 



OBCHIS (Greek word, referring to the shape of 

 the tuberous roots of certain species). Orchiddcea . 

 Orchis is the typical genus of the great family of Or- 

 chids. It contains about 70 species, all terrestrial and 

 natives of the northern hemisphere, chiefly in Europe 

 and Asia, with 2 species in North America. Plants per- 

 ennial bv means of simple or palmate tubers : stem 

 simple, erect, terminating in a raceme or spike, with 

 few to many rather small fls., and bearing several Ivs., 

 with long sheaths; bracts often foliaceous; sepals all 

 similar, connivent or spreading: petals often smaller, 

 entire : labellum 3-lobed, middle lobe entire or parted, 

 base spurred : column very short or none : stigma 

 plane, not produced (Habenaria). 



Orchises are not showy, and they have no horticul- 

 tural standing, but lovers of our native Orchids are 

 always collecting them and trying to cultivate them, 

 i!sually with little success. F. W. Barclay writes: 

 "The American species of Orchis are woodland plants, 

 requiring rich leaf soil, with rather heavy shade, and 

 that even condition of moisture characteristic of deep 

 woods. Where these conditions cannot be supplied the 

 plants invariably prove short-lived." See also discus- 

 sion ou terrestrial orchids, page 1165. 



hirclna, Crantz {E imantogl6ssuni liircXmim, 

 Spreng. ). Flower stems 1-2 ft. high, bearing a loose 

 raceme 4-8 in. long: fls. greenish white, exhaling a 

 disagreeable odor; middle lobe of the labellum long, 

 strap like and twisted lateral lobes much smaller Ivs 

 few near the bottom of the scape oblong lanceolate 

 M i\ June Europe and northern Africa Ad^ er 

 ti ed b) Dutch bulb growers 



spectdbilis Lmn Fig 1590 A native species 

 with - Iiigeobovate shining ivs 4-8 in long 

 I Ml 111 ir the ground and a stem 4-7 in high 

 lic)iin_ a raceme of 3-() small pale purple and wh 

 lis \pril-Oune In rich woods, northeastern U S 



The following species ire advertised in America by Emr 

 pean dealers but aie not known to be cultivated in Amen i 

 Most of them ire h iid\ Emiieui il int Th sjnonomy ot 

 thegroupis, siiiiewh it iitn p 1 '>} t1 purp e — O 



fihosa Hrge k it\ I ik t i i I urple and 



loniicoinis t\ ri h I ii|l ^ ulata 



Ml. I ml -() mi II I 1 il — O 1 



(ni t I 1 1 <> M 1 „i HI - O pall, 



f il I til, white and i 



t 1 1 J HFIM K H HassELBRIM 



ORCHIS Kein Huhrnumt 



0EE60N HORTICULTURE IN Fi^ 1 ill Ore. 

 licdted between 4.' ui 1 4i 1 \ ml III 4 ni 1 I 1 

 W withanartaii n m , , ,, ,,,,1 I, , I ,n ,1 

 all} speakui^ foui quit li tim i \\ i\\ i -ili 11 

 the Rogue Umpqu i \\ ill nii tt ml ( liiiul i i m 

 together with then trilutiiies linn 

 i very wide different e between these ^ 

 In the Rogue ri\ er % illev the annual rainfall is 20-35 

 inches. The mean temperature for the winter months is 

 39°, spring months 57°, the summer months 67°, the 

 autumn months 52°. The Urapqua valley has a rainfall 

 of 22-43 inches. The average temperature for the sea- 

 sons in the same order as the above is, 41°, 51°, 65°, 54°. 

 In the Willamette valley the rainfall is 35-50 inches, 

 the average temperature, 41°, 50°, 63°, 53°. In the Co- 

 lumbia valley it ranges from an average rainfall of 75 

 inches, in the lower part, to one of 15 inches in the up- 

 per part; and the temperature as above ranges from a 

 mean annual average of 50°, varying from 39°-61° for 

 the lower part, to one of 48° for the upper part, with 

 hot summer months and cold winter months. 



Not only does the difference of climate exist, but 

 there is also a corresponding difference in the character 

 of the soils of these different localities. In the Rogue 

 river valley the soil is largely one of decomposed gran- 

 ite. A warm and open soil predominates, though in 

 places the soil is remarkably heavy and of the same 

 origin as a large part of the soils of the state, namely, 

 basaltic. In the Umpqua valley the soil is generally of 

 a medium character; clays predominate on the hills and 



OREGON 



1171 



ati, all> 



on the higher parts of the valley proper, while on the 

 river bottoms sand and open seiiinieiitary soils are the 

 more common. In the Willannttr xiUiv ih, ..iiK .in- 

 generally heavy, though there \\y , i iKuk-; 



of light sandy or gravelly soil, usiir: .: i . 1:1111-. 



The soils of the Columbia region . i,,i,i:„ , :,;i -ra.l.-^, 

 from till- Ii>.'lit drifting sand of its upper basin to the 

 cold i-liiys ..f it- l.iw.r basin. 



The tr;iiis|".it;iti.in fuoilities are good in all these dis- 

 tricts. ixiTj.t tin Koijue and Umpqua valleys, which 

 have only one railroad; while the otlo-r s,.rtioiis. except 



the extreme eastern portion of iln i .li Li.i tiasin, 



have both railroads and river ti:i'i 1 1 i vilifies. 



In all these districts the hanl> i.i ■ in-rfec- 



tion one year with another, and tin- w 1 1 1 1 ■ > 1 1 1 m i ^^ation, 

 though in some of the newer territory lieiiig tested for 

 horticultural purposes irrigation is practiced. 



The apple finds in Oregon a most congenial home, 

 and while only a small part of the 1 rop is marketed it 

 is in no wise due to tin- > Ilmiii n .1 - -ii r> i r 1m st va- 

 rieties are Baldwin. 1' ■ - 1 Iiavis, 

 Newtown Pippin, Red Ili - r, ^ 1 1 1.1 1, and 

 Jonathan. The apple iLm. . - im -1 o, u;. n,^li,r alti- 

 tudes and especially in Hood ri\, r wiliii. an offshoot 

 of the Columbia river valley, and in the Rogue river 

 valley. Lately car lots have been shipped from the 

 hitherto little known sections of eastern Oregon. 



Pears o-rnw tn perfection in all parts of the state. 

 The I'liil ti Whit Dovenne Wi 



d'Angoulenie, Easter and Clairgeati are the leading va- 

 rieties. 



The peach grows vigorously and fruits in the more 

 favored portion of all districts, i.e., sheltered places 

 along the river bottoms. But in the Rogue river valley, 

 and to a limited extent in upper Columbia valley, it is 

 grown as a commercial crop. Large quantities of the 

 choicest fruits are shipped to the Willamette valley 

 towns, two hundred and fifty or more miles by rail. 

 The leading varieties are early and late Crawfords and 

 Salway. In the upper Columbia region the Crawfords 

 and Salway are favorites. 



The cherry reaches perfection in Oregon's mild, 

 moist climate, and especially the sweet cherries. Such 

 varieties as the Napoleon, locally known as Royal Ann; 

 Lewelling, locally known as Black Republican, and 

 several local seedlings, as the Lambert, Hoskins, Occi- 



