PARASITE 



PARK 



1211 



ape. Member 



3f the 



ass are ac- 

 • their own 



arljoiia 11^ mar. -rial fn.in ('( ).j and wat.r. while meni- 



lers III' fhr ^ II. 1 ria-s iiMist r.Tiiv.- all nr nearl}' all 



letweeu Parasites and sapruphj tes ; tliere are plants 

 larasitic at one stage ami saprophytic at another, and 

 here are those which are at once parasitic and sapro- 

 'lyt'C- B. M. DCGGAR. 



PARASOL, CHINESE. Sterculia platanifolia. 



PARASOL FIR or TREE. Sciadopitys verticillata. 



PARASOL PINE. Pinus Pinea. 



PARDANTHUS. See Belen 



mda. 



vl 



PARIS (n.ime discussed below). Herb Paris. Love 

 Apple. Lilii'treii'. Everyone who knows and loves a 

 Trillium will he interested in the Herb Paris, which 

 differs from a Trillium in having its floral parts in 

 4's instead iif 3's. There are about 8 species alto- 

 gether, and in some of them the floral parts are in 

 higher numbers than four. They resemble Trilliums in 

 being small, hardy, rhizomatous plants, found in moun- 

 tainous countries of the north temperate zone, and even 

 in the arctic regions. Also they have a single whorl 

 of Ivs. at the top of the scape and a single flower, but 

 in Paris the outer perianth segments are more herba- 

 ceous and calyx-like, while the inner ones are much 

 narrower and less showy, being mere strips of petal or 

 even entirely absent. 



The name Paris is an interesting one. The berry of 

 the plant is compared to the apple of discord, while the 

 four leaves surrounding it are likened to Paris and the 

 three envious goddesses, Juno, Minerva and Venus. 

 Others think the name is derived from par, equal, refer- 

 ring to the agreement in number between leaves and 

 floral parts. 



quadrifdiia, Linn. Herb Paris. True Love. Height 

 9-12 in.: Ivs. netted-veined (very exceptional among 

 monocotyledons): peduncle rising 1-2 in. above Ivs.: 

 perianth segments yellowish green, the 4 inner ones 

 rather more yellow: berry bluish black. Rarely the Ivs. 

 and floral parts are in 5's. The dominant European 

 type, scattered all over Eu. and Siberia. from the Arctic 

 circle to the Mediterranean, in woods and shady places, 

 but usually very local. Fls. in spring or early summer. 

 Gn. 31, p. 16.5.— Not advertised in America at present. 

 W. M. 



PARIS DAISY. Chrysanthemum frutescens. 



PARlTIHM tiliiceum is referred to Hibiscus in this 

 work. It is a handsome shrub or small tree, of 10 to 30 

 feet, bearing considerable general resemblance to the 

 cotton plant, for which travelers have sometimes mis- 

 taken it. In Porto Rico it is often planted for hedges 

 along roadsides, and is very abundant in waste places 

 near the sea. It was already widely distributed in 

 Ameri.-a in prehistoric times, and has now been intro- 

 duced throughout the tropics. 



It is valued for its very strong bast fiber which has 

 much similarity to jute, but differs in the peculiar prop 

 erty of maintaining or even increasing its strength 

 after long maceration in water The extraction of the 

 filler for the manufacture of cordage md othei pui 

 poses offers no special difficulties li 1 1 i 



recommended for paper-making \i , 

 lized in Porto Rico for domestic pui] 

 home-made ropes being twisted from II li i i i 



are. however, very favorable for th iau\ ui u i 

 emajagna on a large scale, should more exteusn e indus 

 trial uses be found for it. O F Cook 



PARK. Plate XXV. A tract of considerable size set 

 apart primarily for enjoyment Meaning origmallv m 

 England, a place for the preservation of deer for the 

 chase, the word is often used now to denote the land 

 scape character commonly associated with such deer 

 parks. In the United States, when the original signifi- 

 cation is meant, the word is modified, as deer park, 

 game park, etc. As a type of landscape the park is 

 characterized by comparatively broad stretches of pas- 



ture lying between irregularlv and rather widelv spaced 

 masses of tree foliage. It is extremely simple and quiet 

 m character, and while it often contains many other 

 elements, such as ponds or running water, thickets of 

 bushes under the trees or occasionally outstanding, 

 houses, bridges or other artificial structures, these fea- 

 tures are all subordinate as well as harmonious if the 

 scene can be called typically park-like. 



Private Parks attached to countrv houses, in America 

 are usually so called because thev have, or are intended 

 ' I have, something of this ,iark iikr tviie of scenery. A 

 II this type is called, 



place departing very wi 



L;ri.ve, a garden, a 

 I nil country-place. 



i NMth the 

 :• i ' . I Is ^ were 



i"ii-M,- oi Knglish 

 ■ i..i ihf need of 

 "utdoor recreation 

 earliest important 

 niclion were based 

 I- models, and the 

 " municipal under- 

 i'ln, that it is now 

 i\ tract of land set 

 I ss of the kind of 

 1' ; but the best 



ccording to its charact 

 farm, ormore vaguelv b 



Public. Parks are .io r 

 is necessarily of the t' 

 word "park," but becau 

 the most notable pnl.li 

 cities at the time wli. n 

 making rauiiicii.., I i i, 

 of their growii .: 

 pleasure gnmnM ■ : 

 upon these anil ; i: 

 name"park " .ain. i.i i.. 

 takings in the \\a\ ni m 

 almost indiscriiiiiii It. Iv 

 apart for publi.- .iiii.yi 

 enjoyment or the charac 



usage appears to confine the meaning of'public park to 

 a tract of considerable size, leaving the lesser spaces to 

 be called squares, gardens, playgrounds, places, etc. 

 Another special use of the word in America is its ap- 

 plication to tracts of land in the West, many square 

 miles in extent, either set apart by government, as 

 Yellowstone Park, or naturally distinguished by the 

 presence of comparatively gentle grazing land in the 

 midst of rougher country. "Park" is also used in a 

 more general way to indicate the general purpose of any 

 open land devoted to public recreation, or of the organi- 

 zation controlling it, etc., as "park system," "park de- 

 partment," etc. 



A large city park system usually contains parks of 

 varying size and character and many smaller pleasure 

 grounds. No rigid classification can be made, but the 

 following may be regarded as reasonably ilistinct types, 

 each havingits own field of usefnhi. -vs. its ..wn merits and 

 its own limitations. In practice tin- lin. s l.itw. m these 



types cannot be distinctly drawn, l.iit j r r. >ults are 



often due to losing sight of the ilistin.-t aii.l ..ften con- 

 flicting motives which have given rise to these types. 



1. The large rural Park (Plate XXV. Figs. 1641-3), 

 generally from 200 to 1,000 acres, is in most cases the 

 chief feature of a city park svstem. It is seldom under- 

 taken except liv lii-r .iii. - ..I' ,iil. - -., lapi.lly growing 

 that the need .if , 'i >. ■: ' . . I. irU' f..reseen. 



Its main obj.-i-i ,^ ■,■]-,, in -..jjie de- 



jree for the in) - ... . j. .. . , :„:ii ,,,,-[ ,,f rpc- 



the enjoyim 

 majority of . 

 antidotes for 

 cities are of 

 beautiful cm 

 accessible to 



lieautiful natural scenery is to the 

 ■rs .me of the most refreshing 

 _ 111!'... iices of city life. Where 



1- enjoyment is readily 

 I til. population, and it has for- 



