PHOBMIUM 



scarlet, but in natural forms varying almost to pure 

 yellow; perianth 18-21 lines long. B.M. 3199. Gn. 50, 

 p. 369. A.P. 13:748. R.H. 1848:5. V. 13:340. Gn. 20, 

 p. 397.— Var. atropurptkreum has reddish purple foliage. 

 R.H. 1877, p. 389. Var. atropurpilreuin Tarieg&tum is 

 alleged to be a "veritable fountain of white, purple and 

 rose color." Var. nlgro-pictum (iV. purpureum nigra- 

 limbntum, Hort. Saul?). Lvs. deep green, with a nar- 

 row margin of blackish purple, which becomes broader 



1767. Phormium tenax. 



and more distinct towards the base, making in mature 

 plants a zigzag line whicL outlines the 2-ranked habit 

 of the lvs. Var. variegatum has fls. striped creamy 

 yellow and white. R.H. 1878, p. 86. Var. Veitchi&num 

 (var. Veitchii and P. Veifchidnnm, Hort.) has broad 

 creamy white stripes on a light green ground. A.P. 5 :39. 

 The type and varieties all have the red margin and the 

 variegated forms are all smaller than the type. 



AA. Lvs. %-l}4 in. wide, scarcely split at apex. 

 Cookianum, Le Jolis. A smaller plant: lvs. 2-3 ft. 

 long: scape 3-G ft. high: perianth 12-15 lines long, yel- 

 lower than the abo\*e. Var. vaTiegd,tuiii has yellowish 

 white stripes. P.M. 1874:112. -^^ jl_ 



PHOSPHA.TE. This word is often used by farmers 

 as synonymous with commercial fertilizers. Consult 

 Fertility, Fertilizers and Manures. 



PHOTlNIA (Greek, p7io^e(Mo.s, shining; alludingto the 

 chining foliage). IncludingiTc^prome/fs and Ponrtliiwa. 

 Bos(lce(e, tribe Pdmew. Ornamental evergreen or de- 

 ciduous shrubs, with alternate, usually serrate lvs., 

 white fis. in sometimes very large corymbs, and very dec- 

 orative red or scarlet fr. The evergreen species are ten- 

 der in N. Eng., and bear only a few degrees of frost; but 

 the deciduous P. villosa is hardy as far north as Massa- 

 chusetts, and is very conspicuous in fall by the scarlet 

 f.all colnrinsr of the fnlinffp and afterwards by the 

 niimerous si-;irl.'t fruits, wlii.-li n-tain their bright color 

 until nii.hvi.it.r a)..l :n-. n..t . ateu by birds. Of the 

 evergrt-iii s|.. ri,>, />. ,t rh,iiif,,ini , which is very similar 

 to P. ari-nihitit :uh1 als,, to />. nl.ibm, is the best known; 

 it is a very striking obj^-ct in \\iiil'r, witli its large 

 clusters of bright red fr. ripeniiii; in D.r, ml,, r and 

 contrasting well with the glossy <!.,rk um, ,ii t<,liage. 

 The Photinias are not very parficulai- as t,, s,,il, but 

 thrive best in a rather light, sandy loam, and the de- 

 ciduous ones prefer sunny positions. Prop, by seeds 

 or by cuttings of half-ripened wood under ghiss and 

 by layers ; also by grafting on hawthorn or quince. 

 About 20 species distributed from Japan and China to 

 India and Java, 2 s|.(i-i(s in Calif, and Mex. Shrubs, 

 rarely small trees witli stipulate lvs.: tls. in corymbs or 

 short panicles; |..ials :,, ,,il,i,ular; stamens 10-20; 

 styles 2, rarely 3 ,u- 4, coinuite at the base: fr. a small 



PHOTOGRAPHY 1.313 



1- or 2-seeded pome. Closely allied to the Aria group of 

 .Sorbus and only distinguished by the top of the fr. 

 being rounded and hollow. 



A. LfVS. deciduous : fls. in corymbs. 



viUdsa, DC. (P. varidbilis, Hemsl. Poiirthiwa 

 villosa, Decne. Sdrbus terminAlis, Hort.). Upright 

 shrub, to 15 ft., with slender spreading or upright 

 branches: lvs. short-petioled, broadly obovate to oblong, 

 cuneate, acuminate, sharply serrate, dark green and 

 glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath when 

 young, lK-3 in. long: fls. white, in 1^-2 in. broad, 

 glabrous or villous corymbs terminal on short lateral 

 branchlets: peduncles warty: fr. about M in. long, 

 bright scarlet. June. Japan, China. G.P. 1:67. — A 

 very v.ariable species. Var. leevis, Rehd. (P. hrris, 

 DC. Poiirihiii-n arr/iita, Hort.), has narrower lvs., only 

 sparingly pubescent when young and soon glabrous, 

 glabrous inflorescences and somewhat larger fr. G.P. 

 4:377. 

 AA. Li's. evergreen, glabrous: fls. in large panicles 



semil4ta, Lindl. (P. glAbra, var. Chininsis, Maxim. 

 Cratirgiis gldbra, Sims, not Thunb.). Shrub, to 20 ft.: 

 lvs. with petioles about 1 -in. long, oblong, usually 

 rounded at the base, acuminate, serrulate, dark green 

 and shining above, yellowish green beneath, .5-7 in. long: 

 p.anicles to 6 in. broad: fls. ^4 in. across; st.iniens 20: 

 fr. globose, H in. across, red. ."Mav-.Inlv. diin.i. H.Jl. 

 2105. L.B.C. 3:248. Stands faiil- «, II in \\a-l,uiL.'t.,n. 



glabra, Maxim. {Cratipgns ,jl,;i,n:. Thui.l,.,. Slnub, 

 to 8 ft.: lvs. on about J^-in. huig i.eti,.l.s, .llii.iie or 

 obovate to oblong-obovate, cuneate at the l)ase, acumi- 

 nate, serrulate, 2-4 in. long: panicles 2-4 in. across: 

 fls. % in. across; stamens 20: fr. subglobose, red. May- 

 July. China, Japan. 



arbutifdUa, Lindl. {ffeter„„>.!. ,,, i ,;',.;,„ . |;,,,ni. 

 Cratieijus arbutifolia. Ait.). r< . , , - ,,r 



small tree, to 20 ft. : young I ua,i, li, i. , ! ,,s 



usually tomentulose: lvs. oi,l,,i,L t ■ , ' , , 



10: fr. l.riKlit re,l. ' ;, m. aer..ss. ,ln,,, i ( :,r. 



S.S. 3:11)3. B.K. (;:4II1. -Called CliriMn,;,- i;, ,,. in 

 Calif., where the fruits are much used i.u t_l,ii,in,as 

 decoration. 



r. arpfila. Wall. (Pourtliiasa argnta. Decne.). Closely allied 

 to P. villosa: lvs. longer and narrower, firmer, densely white- 

 tomentose beneath when young: corymbs larger. Himal.— P. 

 elliptica, Nichols., is Eriobotrya elliptica, Lindl., a Himalayan 

 species not in cult, in this country. — P. Japdnica, Nichols. = 

 Eriobotrya Japonica. Alfred Rehder. 



PHOTOGKAPHY, HORTICULTTTHAL. Plate XXIX. 

 As a means of description and of record, photography 

 is of great importance to horticulture in all its branches. 

 A reference to magazines and to trade catalogues of the 

 day shows a growing use of the "half-tone" engraving 

 process; and these en^r:,\ n,-- ai, merely photographs 

 transferred to aco],],- i i - " ''^ means of minute 

 chemically-etched d,,i : , , i Miing surface for the 

 typographic press. .Manv <,:!,, r illustrations — notably 

 many in this Cyclopeilia — are adapted fr,,in or drawn 

 directly from photographs, being then en:^n-aved by .an- 

 other photographic etching process on liar.l zini'. Tea 

 limited extent, photographs are also i>rinte,l <,n tlie pre- 

 pared surface of l„.v,v,.,.d bl,i,-l<s. an, I u^, ,1 in lieu uf a 

 drawing as a -.k, i-O, f,,i- 1 1,,' w ,,,,,! -.n 't ;,\ . , 



Every e\i,' i ■ lal college 



finds in pli,,i i, t both to 



its records a 11, 1 i,, u- .1, .i i |-i i\ , \i.,il.. . I', ,r i h.- botanist, 

 photography provides both an uni,|nely aeiuirate means 

 of recording plant details, and of portraying the appear- 

 ance of the growing plant in its habitat. A photographic 

 herbarium represents the living plant more adequately 

 than the iisual dried specimens. Some of the larger 

 nursery and seed establishments are also coming to 

 maintain photographic equipments, in order that they 

 may readily preserve views of the varieties which it 

 is desired to advertise. In horticultural journalism 

 photography is of prime importance. In advanced 

 collegiate institutions and at the meetings of various 

 progressive horticultural societies and institutes, the 

 presentation of photographs by means of the stereopti- 



