Address. 5 



The necessity which drove the advancing race to aid the earth in 

 producing animals and food-bearing plants, became a source of end- 

 less happiness and improvement, by creating an ineffaceable love of 

 the soil, of localities, and fixed man in a permanent home, giving 

 him a systematic pursuit with sure reward for his labor, and owner- 

 ship of its products. 



Necessity for food, clothing and mutual protection, drove the no- 

 madic tribes, who were rapidly increasing in numbers, to private land 

 ownership, to villages, towns and communities, and this in its turn 

 served to multiply and create new human wants, and called for re- 

 newed exertion to satisfy them. A large local population without 

 the power of removal, required great abundance of food and unfailing 

 concentration at the point of consumption. To meet this want, better 

 cultivation of the earth and greater variety of crops is needed. 

 Better power to break up the soil, and better implements to assist in 

 the work, are indispensable. A division of labor into trades and 

 business pursuits, to economize time, to cultivate the highest and 

 most effective skill in each department, and for the mutual benefit of 

 all, became essential ; until in the more advanced state of society it 

 was found that nearly all human wants and tastes can be best and 

 most economically supplied by thought and labor directed solely to 

 that one object. This is the condition of society in the enlightened 

 nations of the nineteenth century — our own condition — a division of 

 our labor into as many pursuits as the wants and tastes of our people 

 demand, to cheapen the cost of supplying those wants to the lowest 

 point compatible with ecpuitable reward for the labor and intelligence 

 employed, and for the mutual benefit of all. So multitudinous are 

 our wants at the present time, that to supply them we have in Mas- 

 sachusetts more than one hundred and forty distinct business pursuits, 

 and the workers in each, by their special training and skill, are 

 made doubly effective, and are contributing to the demand for, and 

 success in all the rest. There is, notwithstanding, to some extent at 

 least, a feeling or impression, that in these industries there is a col- 

 lision of interest, that the highest success of one is incompatible with 

 the perfect prosperity of the other, or that some of them prosper at 

 the expense of, or to the injury of others. The Special Commis- 

 sioner on the Revenue, in his last Report to Congress, has advanced 



