When we add 



FERN 



greater number of genera, ranging from 150 to 250, or 

 even more. In the very unequal treatment by Diels 

 in Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfarailien (Engler- Prantl), 

 some 120 genera are recognized. A somewhat similar 

 difference prevails in regard to tbemumber of species. 

 The Synopsus Filicum of Hooker 

 and Baker(1874), supplemented 

 by Baker's New Perns (1892), 

 recognizes some 2,700 species. 

 It is the too common tendency 

 in this work (1) to fail to rec- 

 ognize many valid species which 

 have been described by German 

 and French botanists, and (2) 

 to mass under one name very 

 diverse sroups of species from 

 distant i|uarters of the world— 

 Jit- from 8 tu 10 species not infre- 

 quently appearing as a single 

 so -called "variable species." 

 the number represented by thes^ 

 omissions tne species recently described, the num- 

 of Perns will approximate 4,000, and possibly exceed 

 hat number. New forms are constantly coming in from 

 he less explored parts of the world, and within the 

 a,st few years several new species have been described 

 rom the United States, including some from the bet- 

 ter known portions. Of this number some 200 species 

 are in occasional cultivation in America, but the spe- 

 cies that form the bulk of the Fern trade do not exceed 

 two dozen. In Europe several hundred species have 

 long been in cultivation. Most of the species thrive best 

 in the insular regions of the trop- 

 ics, the island of Jamaica alone 

 furnishing 500 species and Java 

 nearly 600. About 105 species 

 are native in the United States, 

 representing some 35 genera; our 

 native species are so widely dis- 

 tributed that not more than 

 from 25 to 50 will be found with- 

 in the limits of one state, and 

 the common species of the best 

 locality do not number more 

 than 20. 



The Ferns belong to a group of 

 spore-bearing plants, with vascu- 

 lar (woody) tissue in stem and 

 leaves ; this group is technically 

 known as the Pteridophytes, and 

 is composed of three orders; viz., 

 the Equisetales, including the 

 horsetails and scouring rushes; 

 the Lycopodiales, including the 

 selaginellas and the club mosses, 

 or ground pines ; and the Fili- 

 cales, including the true Ferns and 

 their nearer allies. 



The families of the order Filicales m 

 guished as follows: 



A. Spores of one sort (isosporoK 



tissues of the leaf. (Eusporangiate Ferns.) 



1. Ophiogloss^cese. Adder' s-TONOtrE Ferns. Prothal- 

 lium subterranean, without chlorophyl ; sporangia borne 

 in spikes or panicles on branches distinct from the 

 foliage leaves. 



2. Marattiicese. Coarse Ferns with sporangia on the 

 under surface of the leaf, arranged in circular or boat- 

 shaped receptacles: prothallium above ground, green. 



BB. Sporangia rising from an epidermal cell, with an 

 elastic ring of peculiar cells, which assist in, 

 scattering the spores by rupturing. {Leptospo- 

 rangiate Ferns.) 



c. JJeaves filmy. 



3. Hymenophylliceae. Filmy Ferns. Sporangia at- 

 tached to a thread-like receptacle arising in a cup at the 

 end of the leaf: ring complete, horizontal or oblique. 



FERN 



573 



). Prothallus of a 

 rn, with a youne 

 frond arising. 



CC. Leaves more firm, herbaceous or leathery. 

 D. Jting incomplete or rudimentary: sporangia in 



i. Osmund^cese. Flowering Ferns. Coarse swamp 

 Perns developing copious green spores early in the 

 season : sporangia in panicles at the apex or middle of 

 the leaf. 



DD. Ring apical: sporangia usually single under a 

 scale, or in panicles. 



5. ScMzBeiceae. Upright or climbing Ferns with ovate 

 sporangia, which open vertically. 



DDD. Sporangia sessile, either single or united in 

 clusters of 3-6. 



6. Gleiijieniicese. Terrestrial Ferns with firm texture 

 and usually dichotomous leaves : sporangia opening 

 vertically, in clusters of 3-G. 



7. Ceratopteridicese. Aquatic Ferns with succulent 

 foliage: sporangia scattered, with a broad ring: leaves 

 of two sorts, the sterile floating. 



definite clus- 



8. Cyatheftcese. Mostly tree Ferns with sessile or 

 short-stalked sporangia in conspicuous receptacles, 

 opening obliquely (Fig. 632). 



9. Polypodi4ceae. Perns with stalked sporangia (Fig. 

 807), which burst transversely: sori covered %ith a 

 membranous indusium or sometimes naked. This 

 family contains five-sixths of all the Perns. 



AA. Spores of tn-n snrls: minute microspores and c«»^ 

 spicuoK.i iiiin-rnsitin-rs. (Heterosporous.) These' 

 spores drr. h.p luin In',, sorts of prothalli, the mi- 

 crospores </' r, I"/:, ,11/ nn Jy antherids, and the mac- 

 rosfiores only an-licijuiiis. 



10. Marsiliaceae. Small plants rooting in mud, the 

 leaves either quadrifoliate or reduced to mere filamen- 

 tous petioles : sporangia borne in oval conceptacles. 

 Often aquatic, with the leaves floating on the surface of 

 water in pools or lakes. 



11. Salviniiceae. Small or minute plants with the 

 aspect of liver- worts, floating on the surface of pools: 

 sporangia in mostly spherical conceptacles. 



The literature on the Ferns is very extensive, since 

 they have ever been attractive plants in cultivation. 

 Many of the species have been illustrated in elaborate 

 treatises by Schkuhr, Kunze, Hooker, Greville, Blume, 

 P^e, Mettenius, Moore, and others. Our native species 

 have been illustrated in the two quarto volumes of D. C. 

 Eaton, "The Perns of North America." A valuable sum- 

 mary of the more common Fern species is found in Dr. 

 Christ's " Die Famkriiuter der Erde" (1897) , and the most 

 recent structural and morphological treatment is by 

 Sadebeck, in Engler-Frantl : "Die Naturlichen Pflan- 

 zenfamilien." Schneider's "Book of Choice Ferns " is the 

 most complete treatise on the species under cultiva- 

 tion. A useful American horticultural manual is 

 Robinson's "Ferns in their Homes and Ours." 



L. M. Underwood. 



An excellent little handbook for the wild species of 

 this country is Underwood's "Native Ferns and their 

 Allies." L. H. B. 



Growing Hardy Ferns. — Our hardy Ferns fill a place 

 in our North American flora very worthy of our careful 

 study and admiration. They seem to require so 

 little care, and yet give such general satisfaction, and 

 there is such a variety — suited to every taste and con- 

 dition—that no one nei-d dc. witliout them. About 20 

 useful native kinds arr rv.r-r.Mii. including the Ore- 

 gon Cliff -brake and Cli.'il'iulli, s r, .^htn of the southern 

 states. They are very <asy ..r .uliuiv in our New Eng- 

 . land climate. About 20, like thu iMaidenhair, that die 

 down through the winter but have perennial roots, are 

 also easy to grow. In the general cultivation of these 

 hardy Ferns, plant them in a moist, shady situation, 

 with good drainage, and with about one-third leaf -mold. 

 Go to nature in selecting the Ferns. Yet it is a fact 

 that some of these Ferns, like Woodwardia Virginica, 

 found growing so common in wet swamps, will thrive 



