FRITILLARIA 



Turkestan. Gt. 7G0. B.M. 0:J71. J.H. III. 30:319. G.C. 

 III. 1:457. 



19. Persica, Linn. Robust, 2-3 ft. high : Ivs. 40-60, 

 glaucous, linear, 4-G in. long, 6-9 lines wide : raceme 

 10-50-fld. : &». small, bell-shaped, slightly odorous, lilac- 

 purple, soraetiraes chalky outside and lined with purple 

 but never checkered; stamens a trifle shorter than the 

 perianth. Orient. Fls. end of April or beginning of 

 May. B.M. 1.137. Var. minor, Sims, B.M. 962 (exclud- 

 ing' synonymy ), has smaller fls. and anthers barely ex- 

 serted. 



20. Libandtioa, Baker. Closely resembling No. 19, but 

 with 6-30 strongly odorous fls., pale lilac, with darker 

 vertical veins; stamens a third shorter than the peri- 

 anth ; anthers purplish. Palestine, rocky and shady 

 parts of Mt. Lebanon. 



21. pluriJldra, Torr. Height l-iyift.: Ivs. 8-12, low- 

 e.st often opposite, oblanceolate, the rest narrower: 

 raceme 4-12-fld. : fls. rosy purple, not checkered. Calif. 

 G.C. III. 21:23 (a central band of purple down each 

 segment).— "Pale reddish purple." fun Tiibergen. 



22. lanceoUta, Pursh. This and Nos. 23-25 are na- 

 tives of W. N. Amer., and grow 1-1 H ft. high. Stem 

 1-3-fld.: Ivs. 4-10, lanceolate, whorled: fls. pale purple, 

 mostly distinctly checkered Var. gracilis, Hort., dark 

 purple. 



23. parvifldra, Torr. Stem 5-20-fld.: Ivs. about 9, 

 linear: fls. purple, suffused green, not checkered. 



24. atropurpiirea, Nutt. Stem 1-6-fld.: Ivs. 12-20: fls. 

 dark purple obscurely checkered with green. Recent. 

 -Said to rival F. recurva. 



25. coccinea, Greene. Stem 1-4-fld. : Ivs. 4-12 in 2 or 

 3 whorls at middle of stem : fls. yellow and scarlet. 

 checkered. 



26. Imperious, Linn. {Imperidlis coronAta, Dum. 

 Cour.). Crown Imperial. Fig. 874. Height 2-3 ft. : Ivs. 

 numerous, crowded, ascending, K-1 in. wide, highest 

 often in whorls of 8-10: fls. end of March. B.M. 194 

 and 1215. Gn. 46, p. 101 and 52, p. 243. A.G. 13:488. 

 R.B.20 : 196. -There are single and double forms in yellow 

 and red, and kinds with foliage striped white, and with 

 gold. The Dutch growers also advertise Aurora, Maxi- 

 mus, and William Rex, red; Sulphureus. sulfur yellow; 

 and Crown upon Crown. American dealers add Couronne 

 Orange and Red Slagzwaard. Var. longip^tala, Hort. 

 Gn. 56:1247. Formore than a century F. Iiiiperiitlis has 

 been the only species in cult, with fls. in umbels, but 

 MaxLeichtlin writes to G.F. 7:177 (1897), that Ji'. Bad- 

 dediia belongs to the same group, blooms earlier, and 

 has straw-colored fls. of a difl'erent form from F. Im- 

 perialism and adds: "This is likely to cause a revolution 

 in the Imperialis strain when once it has been carefully 

 hybridized." 



27. recurva, Benth. This has stamens only a little 

 shorter than the perianth, while in the next 3 species 

 they are only half the length of the perianth. Utterly 

 distinct from all other Fritillaries by the color of the 

 fls., which are bright red outside without a trace of pur- 

 ple, and brilliant yellow inside, spotted with red. 

 Height 6-24 in.: stem 2-8-fld., purple, mottled green: 

 Ivs. 6-12, lower ones in whorls of 3-4, linear, ascending: 

 fls. narrow, bell-shaped. Calif. B.M. 6264. Gn. 18:257. 

 Var. pluriildra, Hort., is perhaps the best strain. 



28. liliicea, Lindl. Height 6-12 in.: stem 1-6-fld.: 

 Its. 9-15: fls. between funnel- and bell-shaped, whitish, 

 veined green, not checkered. Gt. 1871:715. 



29. bifldra, Lindl. Height 6-9 in. : stem 1-2-fld. : Ivs. 

 4-8: fls. same shape as in /'. liliacea, pale purple, suf- 

 fused green, scarcely checkered. 



30. Camtschatcensia, Ker-Gawl. Mostly writteufi'am*- 

 schatceiisis and variously misspelled. (Lilium Camt- 

 scliateinse.'Lm-a.]. Br.Ack Lilt. Height 6-18 in. : stem 

 1-3-fld.: Ivs. 10-15. dark purple. Siberia, Alaska to 

 Calif. Gn. 25:432; 52, p. 242. F.S. 12:1232. 



F. citrlna is cult. , but little known. See Gn. 52, p. 243. 

 W. M. 



FKffiLlCHia. (J. A. Froelich, phvsician of Ellwangen, 

 monographed Gentiana, 1796, died 18411. Amarantit- 

 cew. Eight species of woolly or hairy North American 



FRUIT-GROWING 



613 



annuals, found chiefly in West Indies, Mex. and Brazil. 

 Lvs. opposite : spikes opposite, terminal: fls. perfect, 

 3-bracted ; calyx tubular, 5-cleft, hardened and spiny 

 crested in fr. F. Floridana, Moq., has been advertised 

 for sale only rarely in America. It is cult, abroad. 

 Height 1-3 ft.: Ivs. linear to oblong: spikes 2 in. 

 long or more: fls. white and woolly, set off by small 

 blackish bracts. July-Sep. B.M. 2603, as Opiotheca 



Florida nil 



W. M. 



FROST. The hoar Frost which injures plants is frozen 

 dew. An object cools at nightfall and the moisture 

 of the air condenses upon it, forming dew. If the tem- 

 perature then falls below the freezing point. Frost re- 

 sults. Frost is a local phenomenon. It ordinarily occurs 

 in the lower places where the cold air settles ; also when 

 the sky is clear, since radiation of the earth's heat is 

 then more rapid. It occurs in still nights when currents 

 of air of varying temperatures are not set in motion. 

 Frosts must be ilistinguished from freezes. The latter 

 are wide-area disturbances. They are associated with 

 storm centers. They often occur over a wide range. 

 They frequently acconiiiauy high winds. Frosts can often 

 be prevented, but freezes are usually beyond the con- 

 trol of man. 



Frost is prevented when the temperature is not allowed 

 to fall below the freezing point. The temperature is 

 usually controlled by indirect means. The greatest im- 

 munity is to be expected when an artificial cloud can be 

 spread over the area. This cloud prevents the radiation 

 of the earth's heat, and thereby prevents the rapid fall 

 of temperature. The basis of this artificial cloud is usu- 

 ally smoke, but if the smoke carries with it a large 

 amount of vapor of water, it will afford a more complete 

 protection. The best material for making the smoke- 

 cloud is something which will burn with a slow, smoul- 

 dering fire and afford quantities of smoke. Materials 

 which burn quickly not only afford little smoke, but they 

 are likely to cause upward currents of air which may 

 be injurious. The actual heat of the fire counts for 

 nothing except in the immediate vicinity. Compounds 

 which contain much tar are usually efticient. Of home 

 resources, damp straw or hay, loose manure, prunings of 

 trees, and other litter are among the best. It is essen- 

 tial that the piles be comparatively small and rather 

 numerous. On level lands it is best to have these piles 

 on all four sides of the area at a distance apart of not 

 more than 10 to 30 feet. On somewhat steep slopes the 

 piles may be placed on the upper side, since there usu- 

 ally is a slow current of air moving down the hillside 

 which will carry the smoke over the plantation. The 

 piles should be as wet as possible and yet burn. Usually 

 Frost occurs in the latter part of the night. It is impor- 

 tant, therefore, that the smudges be kept up all night if 

 full protection is secured. It is best for a man to sit up 

 and devote himself to the business. Brush piles made 

 of dry trimmings are ineflScient for Frost protection. 

 Moist litter of some kind which burns very slowly 

 should be mixed with them. Of late years various prepa- 

 rations of petroleum and tar have been perfected for 

 the making of smudges, and when one has large areas 

 to protect, these are the most efficient and economical 

 materials to use. 



In small areas. Frost may be prevented by sprinkling 

 the plantation with water at nightfall. Any device 

 which keeps the air in motion will also tend to prevent 

 Frost; but such devices are impracticable except on a 

 very small scale. In cranberry bogs Frost may be pre- 

 vented by completely flooding the plantation. 



Frosted plants may Ije neiiperated liy keeping them 

 cool and rather dark for a day or two and syringing the 

 tops with cold water. Do not let the sun strike them 

 while they are frozen. Extract the Frost very gradually. 



Farmer's Bulletin 34, of U. S. Dept. Agric, has 24 

 pages devoted to Frost. l. jj. B. 



FKOSTWEED. Helianthe 



dens 



FHUIT-GROWING. Treated under Pomology. 



