religiouslj obse 

 moon s increase 

 The actomp u 

 size from Rol 1 1 

 tion and Impro\ 

 rious kinds of gi 

 Following IS th 



insert the gr if t during the 



r 1 1^ M1) leproduced exact 

 I Ihhtory of the Propaga- 

 [ \ . ^ t ibles 1672, shows va- 



g. The shield cut out for the fitting the disbarked square. 

 m. The same shield put into the stock. 

 f. A vari.ition of the toremeutioned way. by cutting off the 

 upper p.-irt of tlie oblique square, and binding the 



The • 



up, in this figure somewhat 



k. The shi.-l.l . ut (iff to be put therein. 

 p. The shield put in. 

 gor'i. Tlie cut of cyon or stock for whip-grafting. 



r 7. The cut of cyon and stock for shoulder-grafting. 

 s. The cut of the cyons and slit of the stock for grafting 



in the cleft. 

 X. The stock set for ablactation or approach. 

 u. The cyon of the branch for the same operation. 

 1 2. The branch that is to be taken oft by circumposition. 



3. The branch that bears up the mold to the disbarked 



4. The branch of a carnation to be laid. 



5. The joynt where the slit begins. 



6. The next joynt where the slit is propped open, with a 

 piece of a carnation leaf put in. 



Herein are seen the gemis of all the grafting practices 

 of the present day, together with some practices of 

 layering. Sharrock treated the whole subject of graft- 

 ing under tin- biad ot "Insitions," and here he mi- 

 nutely d.-i i ■ Ml I. II uraft, and speaks of it as 

 "the coniiii' iiiii,'." The practice which we 



now kni>\\ ( II • .lufting by approach, he sig- 



niflcantlN . I II {t]\nt i-~. si{, kling OT u-ean- 



aiie fr. 





Cyc 



1> 



930 Sharrock 



The JBxemphficatio i of the Operations by the Fiuure. 



a. Denotes the ordinary cuttingof the bark for inoculation. 

 b h. The sides of the bark lifted up for the putting in of the 

 shield. 



c. The shield taken off with the bud, which lies under the 



stalk of the leaf cut off. 

 / 71. The shield put into the stock to be bound up. 



d. The bark cut out in an oblong square, according to an- 



other usual way of inoculation. 



L>th or suckers, which will be long ere 

 which is contrary to the intention of 

 we have seen that Pliny gave similar 

 e Christian era,— which is only another 

 IP fact that most of our current notions 

 deep in the past. 



e of grafting is to perpetuate a variety. 

 1 those cases in which plants do not bear 



rinin;ili-. cir when the plants do 

 I'll by '■iirtiugs or layers. It is 

 iii.r.;i~,- the ease and speed of 

 multiplyinj; plauts. A third office is to produce 

 some radical cliange in the nature of the cion, 

 as rendering it more dwarf, more fruitful, or 

 otherwise chanijing its habit. A fourth general 

 office of ijrafrinir is to adapt plants to adverse 

 s.iils iir climates. An example is the very 

 t,'rmral us(; of the peach root in the south- 

 rrn stat.s upon which to work the plum, 

 IS the pc-aili thrives better than the plum 

 in sandy soils. The practice in Russia of 

 working' the apple on roots of the Siberian 

 rrab is an example of an effort to make a 

 plant better able to withstand a very se- 

 vere climate. 



In common practice, the effect of the 

 stock on the cion is rather more a mechan 

 ical or physical one than physiological or 

 chemical. The influences are very largely 

 those which are associated with greater or 

 less growth. As a rule, each part of the 

 combined plant— the stock and cion— 

 maintains its individuality. There are cer- 

 tain cases, however, in which the cion 

 seems to partake of the nature of the 

 stock ; and others in which the stock par- 

 takes of the nature of the cion. There are 

 recorded Instances of a distinct change in the 

 flavor of fruit when the cion is put upon stock 

 which bears fruit of very different character. 

 There are some varieties of apples and pears 

 which, when worked upon a seedling root, will 

 tend to change the habit of growth of that root. 

 Examples are Northern Spy and Whitney ap- 931. stick 

 pies, which, when grafted oii a root of unknown of buds, 

 parentage, tend to make that root grow very (X %.) 



