GRAFTAGE 



seem to be special 

 rule that each part 

 "individuality. Keasons fur this chaiiEce of 

 nature in these cases ha%-e not been ilc t.riiiiiic.l, and in 

 most cases such results are not to 1" inidirt.-.l. The 

 most marked effect of stock on the cImh i-* a .hvarfliiK in- 

 fluence. Dwarfing may be expected w h.mvir tin- stock 

 is of a smaller stature than the cion. The most familiar 

 example is the dwarf pear, made by working the pear on 

 quince stock. Supplying a plant with a slow-growing 

 root is only the beginning of the making of a dwarf. 

 The plant must be kept dwarf by subsequent pruning 

 and other care. It is significant that there is compara- 

 tively little demand for large-growing forms of woody 

 plants, whereas there is a great demand for dwarf 

 forms. 



Extended experiments on plants \.li;.li m. m.; ^ ' m 

 monly grafted have thrown consi.l. I ' 



possible mutual influences of ei"ii ■ i I i ! ■ ' 



searches of Daniel (whose latest i-oirii .,.,..,, . . ,,, ; i ( - 

 nearly all of vol. 8 of Ann. Sci. Miu. .-sir. ^, IJoiau;, . 

 1898) show that the stock may have a specific influence 

 on the cion, and that the resulting characters may be 

 hereditary in seedlings. These experiments, as also 

 those of Vochting, have thrown much light on the physi- 

 ology of grafting and the variation induced by it, but 

 they will not modify the practices of horticulturists nor 

 greatly change our ideas respecting the results to be 

 obtained from accustomed operations. Experience has 



934. The bud 



long since determined what general and practical re- 

 sults are to be expected from grafting. 



The limits within which grafting can succeed are to 

 be determined only by experiment. These limits are 

 often within the species, and usually within the genus, 

 but there are instances in which plants of distinct 

 genera intergraft with success, as in some of the 

 cacti. But generic and graftage limits are not compar- 

 able: genera are only arbitrary divisions proposed for 

 purposes of classification, and intergrafting, like inter- 

 crossing, has no necessary relation to these conceptions. 

 In general, the closer the afllnity of cion and stock, the 

 better the union. When stock of the same species can- 

 not be secured, it is allowable to choose another species. 

 Thus it has been impossible to secure Japanese plum 

 stocks upon which to grow the varieties of Japanese 

 plums, and peach, Marianna, myrobalan and domestica 

 plum stocks have been used. In some cases another 

 species grows more readily from seed, is cheaper, is less 

 liable to fungous injury in the nursery, or has some 

 other practical advantage. Thus, most domestica plums 

 (Prunus domestica) in the North are worked on the 

 myrobalan (P. cerasifern ) ; most sweet and sour cherries 



Prunus Avium and P. Cerasus) are worked on the 

 Mahaleb {P. Mahaleb); many kinds of roses are worked 

 on manetti and Bosa multiflora stocks. 



From time to time there arises an agitation against 



grafting, particularly in the Old World. Cases of poor 

 unions and the difliculties of sprouting from the root or 

 stock are cited as proofs that graftage is in.iurious and 

 devitalizing. But these 



poor 

 graftage. They show 

 what should not be done. 







It is essential to moi 

 horticulture. There 

 disadvantages,to be s 

 but the advantages o 

 balance. There are 

 advantages in wea 



Cleft erattine. 



: :iL,-ainst things 



'II 'I III indispensable. 



I i .} ^ or fashions 



ol ^•raUmg are legion. 



There are as many ways 



as there are ways of 



whittling. The operator 



may fashion the union 



of the stock and the cion 



to suit himself, if only 



he apply cambium to 



cambium, make a close 



joint, and properly protect the work. Thus, Thouin in 



his "Monographic des Greffes," 1821, describes 119 kinds 



of grafting. All kinds of grafting may be classified into 



three groups : 



1. Bud-grafting or budding. In the old days called 



inoculation. 



2. Cion-grafting, or what is now thought of as graft- 



ing proper. 



3. Grafting by approach, sometimes called inarching. 



A word may be needed about the terminology of graft- 

 age. As already explained, grafting is merely the ope- 

 ration of inserting a part of one plant into another; but 

 it is ordinarily restricted to grafting by means of short 

 twigs or cions, and budding is used to designate the 

 insertion of single buds which are severed from the 

 branch on which they grew. Stock is the plant or part 

 on which the grafting is done. Cion is the part inserted 

 into the stock, although it is usually restricted to 

 cuttings of twigs, and does not include detached 

 buds. In many writings the word is spelled scion, 

 but the other is shorter and etymologically more cor- 

 rect. When the writer found it necessary to use the 

 word in print, he chose the shorter form, although 

 it is not commended by the dictionaries. It has been 

 said that cion is an anatomical term. It may be; but 

 it was originally a horticultural term. The early hor- 

 ticultural writings used Ci'on andcyon. 6ViOK is later, 

 and has nothing to commend it except usage ; but 

 the usage is not uniform. The word ffroff is some- 

 times used in the sense of cion, but it would better 

 be used for the completed thing, — the new plant or 

 part made by the joining of cion and stock. 



Budding. -The operation of budding consists of 

 inserting a single detached bud underneath the bark 

 of the stock. It is employed only in stocks of small 

 diameter, and iinfiTal.lyni those not more than one «■»>• 

 year old. The "in rati(.n may be performed whenever *-'*}* 

 the bark will jmi-I an.l whenever mature buds may be ^^^ 

 obtained. The bark will peel in early springand again 

 in late summer or early fall, and the operation of bud- 

 ding in the open ground is therefore performed at those 

 times. In the spring the buds are secured from twigs of 

 the previous season's growth. At the second budding 

 season, in late summer or early fall, the buds 

 are secured from growing twigs of the season. 

 At that time of the year the buds will be suffi- 

 ciently developed to be easily recognized and 

 ^ handled. Budding is much employed in nurser- 

 ies. Peaches, cherries, plums, and most stone 

 fruits, are habitually budded rather than cion- 

 grafted. In the East apples and pears are usually budded 

 in the nursery; but in the West apples at least are usu- 

 ally root-grafted. It is practicable to insert buds in the 

 tops of young trees, rather than cions, for the purpose of 



\K 



