GRAPE 



the more easily grown and cosmopolitan native varieties. 

 Under glass, however.the vinif era varieties thrive ; below 

 a special discussion is given to this branch of the subject. 

 I ii. LT. :,u -t .Icrelopment of the native Grape indus- 

 I' . ' , I lace in New York and Ohio, bordering 



I I I , l:i- streams. These areas are the lower 



llii-on 1 i , > I \ alley ; the region of the central-western 

 Nc w Vc.ik LiUi-s ; the Lake Erie region of New York, 

 r, iiii-\ ivaiiia aud Ohio. There are also important 

 (Ma|.i inii r.^t^ in Ontario, Michigan, and other northern 

 palls. Tiii ic is considerable interest in Grape culture 

 in the cooler parts of Georgia and .\lal)ama. niid there 

 are enlarging areas in the country extentliuu' fi-'im tl:e 

 Ozark region southward. Nearly all tli.- caauitiy, ex- 

 <"epting the northernmost parts, raises ( iraprs, Imt in 

 innst easi-s the growing of them caiiiior lie sai'l Ic lie 



til. iiraji- -1 etions of the North hii^' tin- wat.r areas 

 aiel the Ian. I. therefore, is often steep, all i irap.- u'l-ewers 

 prefer nearly level land. The ( iM W.irM ,.|ai,iati..tis 

 are largely on very steep lands : ml !. i..:-, I \iMie 

 of their warmth and drainage, ai. 



extra quality of wine. These idetis ., . .i., ^ 



country, and many of our early vin. \ ar.i- \ . i. |.iai,i..i 

 on terraced slopes. But we grow Grapes ior :i liiltererit 

 purpose from the Europeans, and land is cheap aud 

 labor is dear. Old World methods cannot be followed 

 in the American commercial plantations. 



The ideal bunch of Grapes is one which is of medium 

 size for the variety, compact, uniformly developed and 

 ripened throughout, containing no small or diseased 

 berries, and with the bloom intact, A very dense or 

 crowded cluster is not the most desiralile, tor all the 

 berries cannot develop fully, and the . In i. i i - ii..t easily 

 handled when the fruit is eaten, le :. .lus- 



ter of good shape and compaetn. - i _ i- too 



broad and irregular; Figs, 957 au.l 'a ■- an lailnr too 

 <Jense and compact. 



The American Grape is essentially a dessert fruit. It 

 is eaten from the hand. There are several manufactured 

 products, but, with the ex- 

 ception of wine, they are 

 yet of miuoi nnportance 



drmkmg people and wme 

 IS a secondary output of 

 the Grape in the eastern 

 St ites although there are 

 many larf,e wme cellars in 

 New York and Ohio and 

 the pnihi t is t f f\, ellent 



lug m i..puliiit\ Th 

 lackof secondan doniesti 

 uses of the Onpe is on 

 reason for the ver\ seriou 

 gluts m tlu m a 1 k e t s 

 Howe^d 111 \ II witl 



951 



ion one of the 

 early season Labruscas 

 but of poor quality (X ^4 1 



)th 



the sta] li 

 The \mr 



lops 



jf the f tape IS near 

 large as that of all 

 ee fruits combined 

 Probably 100 books counting the various editions, have 

 teen published m North America since Adlum s volume 

 in lS2i (see Evolution of Our Native Fruits pp 117- 

 12t)l Tht earlier books were.founded largely on Euro 

 p III 1 1 t ti ( The leading current works are Bush 

 1 1- l> ii|ti\e Catalogue and Grape Growers Man 

 till ^Iitzl \ Our Native Gripe Fullers Grape 

 ( nltiiii t llii raann s \m( rican C rapt C rowing and 

 \\inf Maknu T i th F 1 in I| Hu 111 mn s 

 ( rape Culture an 1 \\ 11 ^I kii _ m ( lit in. 1 ^^ ick 

 sons Californii I-iiiil nl I 1 n I 1 in In lustry 

 are current guide 1» t uli 1 li 11 1 n t 1 inning 

 and methods of traium,, ire tiutuned in The Iran 

 ing Book A standard European mono,,iaph is Foex s 

 'Tours Complet de Viticulture 



GRAPE 667 



Pruning and Training.— A Grape vine is pruned in 

 order to reduce the amount of wood (that is, to thin or 

 to limit the amount of fruit), and to keep the plant 

 within manageable shape and bounds. A vine is trained 





-Onderdonk, 



in order to keep it off the ground, out of the way of the 

 workmen, and to so arrange the fruit that it will be well 

 exposed to light and air. In order to understand the 

 pruning of Grapes, the operator must fully grasp this 

 principle: Fniit is home on wood of the present sea- 

 son, which arises from wood of the previous season. To 

 illustrate : A growing shoot, or cane of 1899, makes 

 buds. In 1900 a shoot arises from each bud ; and near 

 the base of this shoot the Grapes are borne {1 to 4 clus- 

 ters on each). This is shown in Fig. 959. The 1899 

 shoot is shown at the top. The 1900 shoot bears 4 clus- 

 ters of Grapes While every bud on the 1899 shoot may 

 produce shoots or canes m 1900 onl% the stiongest of 

 these new shoots wilt bear fruit The si illed Grape 

 grower can tell by the looks of his cine (as he prunes 

 it, in wmtPi ) which buds will erne use to thf Trnpe 

 producing v 1 tli f 1' t t Th Hi nd 



stronger 1 n I ' ' ' ' 1 1 1 li n 



itself IS % I 1 



slendei li 



buds \li 11 1 I Ml I I I I li 1 I I 1 I II 

 little fingei is the ide il i/i 



The second principle to be mastered is this A vine 

 should bea} only a limited nttmbei of clusters —say 



from JO to i 

 yond the 1 

 cane An 

 shoot It t 

 30 good bn 

 much a \ 11 



I ned 



1 1(0 clusters 



1 II (1 1 mning How 



lit- II ie I U ir will depend on 



B apiit uf the Mues strength of the 



soil age of the vine system of pruning and the ideals 



