the cions be perfecth 

 and stored in the s im 

 shoukl be done ver^ c 



tb t It 1 11 11 dilhiult to 



keep the ti( ns dormant, and the 

 jr >w-th IS n jt likth to be so i?reat 

 diinnK the bist season ^ me 

 \ irds which are composed of un 

 profitable varieties may be 

 changed to new varieties very 

 readily by this moans. Vinifera 



our common }ili\ll"\'r:i resistant 

 stocks by th.- s;.in.- m. tImM. Al- 

 most any mi-thod of KiMttingcan 

 be employed upt.)U the <_lrape vine 

 if the work is done beneath the 

 surface. 



Diseases.— The Grape isamen- 

 and fungous attacks. The most 

 II- phylloxera, which, however, is 

 1^ an 'injurious pest on the 

 vinifera varieties it is ex- 

 1 it is working great dev- 

 the vineyards of the Old 

 World and of the Pacitic coast. The most practi- 

 cable means of dealing with this pest is to graft 

 the vinifera vines on native or resistant roots. 



The mildew and black rot are the most serious 

 of the fungous enemies. The mildew {Pcrono- 

 spora viticola) is the more common form of rot 

 in the North. In the South the black rot {Liesta- 

 dia Bidwellii) is very serious. Both these dis- 

 eases cause the berries to decay. They also at- 

 tack the leaves, particularly the mildew, caus- 

 ing the leaves to fall and preventing the Grapes 

 from maturing. It is tlu- mildew which has 

 worke.l su.li liav-r iM r,- i- :mi vineyards. The 

 mildew- i^ in'., t -. ' '.aved and smooth- 



able 

 pract 

 ceedi 



GRAPE 



clusters and on the young growth, where it makes 

 sunken, discolored areas, and where it interferes se- 

 riously with the growth of the parts. It is not so easily 

 controlled as the mQdew and the black rot. Careful at- 

 tention to pruning away all the diseased wood and 

 burning it will help in controlling the disease. Before 

 growth starts, spray the vines, trellis and posts with 

 strong sulfate of copper solution. After the leaves open, 

 use the Bordeaux mixture. 



In Grape houses the powdery inililew ( rncinula spi- 

 ralis) often does serious dai;i:i:'. . Ti .1 urs in the 



open vineyard, but it is u-u i, there. It 



appears as a very thin, dusi i - i . -m ihe leaves. 



It sometimes attacks the Im iii, -. . .m-itu lin-m to re- 

 main small or to crack. This luiifius Im-s on the sur- 

 face, and is therefore readily controlled in Grape houses 

 by dusting with flowers of sulfur or by the fumes of 

 evaporated sulfur. 



For further discussions on Grape diseases and diffi- 

 culties, the reader should consult the bulletins of the 

 experiment stations, publications of the Department of 

 Agriculture at Washington, books on economic ento- 

 mology, and Lodeman's "Spraying of Plants." 



Varieties. -Oi the native Grapes, fully 800 varieties 



^jiC7S;«^^^.. _., 



>r>t,^ 



£^^^^|^;v2U,»^5sL^- 



lowis 



the spraying' :i 

 spray two or tl 

 When the dise 

 it is better to i' 



962. Uprieht system of Grape training. 



p will be cut away except two i 

 will be laid down in opposite diree 

 aext season's fruiting. 



At the winter pruning, all the to 

 near the center: these 

 on the bottom wire for 



SI. lis. It causes the berries to 

 finally a brown rot, the berries 

 all and firm but not greatly 

 ■ot causes the berries to become 

 veled, and the epidermis is cov- 

 des (Fig. 966). The treatment 

 is the same— spraying with Bor- 

 uins in which the diseases have 

 , it is usually sufficient to begin 

 fniif has begun to set, and to 

 -. ;i- Tlif case seems to require. 

 • i.. . M very prevalent, however, 

 .r. III.- liuds swell in the spring. 



In infested vineyards, the foliage and diseased berries 

 should be raked up and burned in the fall 



The anthracnose or scab {Sphacelnma ampelinum) is 

 a very serious fungous disease. It is most apparent on 

 the fruit, where it makes a hard, scabby patch. Its 

 most serious work, however, occurs on the stems of the 



have been named and described. Many foreign varie- 

 ties have been introduced. Yet, in any region the num - 

 ber of useful commercial varieties is usually less than 

 a dozen. Of the American Grapes (those aside from 

 viniferas), the Concord is the cosmopolitan variety. 

 Others of great prominence are Worden, Niagara, Ca- 

 tawba, Delaware. For the South, consult Munson's 

 article, below. For the Pacific viniferas, consult Wick- 

 son's account, below. Following are notes on varieties 

 by Ralph Bush, of the old firm of Bush & Sons, Bush- 

 berg, Mo. This firm was established shortly after the 

 civil war by Isidor and Ralph Bush, father and son. In 

 the early seventies the firm became Bush <t Son & 

 Meissner, by the entering of G. E. Meissner. The re- 

 cent death of the elder Bush and Meissner has left the 

 firm in the hands of Ralph Bush & Sons. It is this 

 firm which publishes the Grape manual already men- 

 tioned. In that work and in Mitzky's "Native Grape," 

 great numbers of varieties are described. Mr. Bush's 

 remarks on varieties of Grapes, made for this occasion, 

 are as follows : 



"The planting of vineyards, both for market and ama- 

 fi'ur purposes, is on the increase. The inclination in 

 planting tends more towards quality than to quantity; 

 tliat is, from the many inquiries and orders, the main 

 i|Urstion seems to be the adaptation of the variety to 

 the .soil or the purpose. In former years the planter, 

 without question, would order so many Concord, Hart- 

 ford, Ives, Elvira, etc., and in rare cases, one or two of 

 a better variety. Now there is no demand whatever for 

 Hartford, much less for Ives and Elvira, while the 

 planting of even the Concord is on the decrease. The 

 general tendency around the great lakes is still to plant 

 the Catawba, and it certainly thrives very well. In 

 many parts of Ohio. Indiana. Kentucky and Tennessee 

 the Noah and Niagara are in great demand ; as also the 

 Delaware, Norton Virginia and Cynthiana for wine 

 purposes. In the section south of the Ohio river, as 

 also in the western states, such kinds as Moore Early, 

 Moore Diamond, Brighton, Worden, Cottage, Niagara, 



