678 



GKAPE 



The training of the vinifera Grape is very unlike that 

 of the native Grapes. The stocks are kept to low, strong 

 stumps, and the bearing shoots are not trained or are 

 tied to stakes. Trellises are not used. Pig. 974: shows 

 3 epochs in the common style of pruning, the right-hand 

 figure representing the mature vine. 



Though hundreds of varieties of vinifera have been 

 introduced from Europe and Asia during the last half 

 century, only a few have survived cultural and commer- 

 cial tests and are now planted. For raisins the prevail- 

 ing varieties are White Muscat of Alexandria, and the 

 Muscatel Gordo Blanco and the Malaga, with the Sultana 

 and Tliompson Seedless for seedless raisins: for table 

 (irapes, in addition to the foregoing, the Flame Tokay, 

 Emperor, Cornichon, Black Malvoise, Rose of Peru. 

 Black Hamburg, Chasselas varieties and Verdal are 

 cliietly grown, though, of course, a much larger list pre- 

 vails for local uses. In wine Grapes there is naturally a 

 larirer list to meet local requirements of soil and climate 



lied {i'hir, ' ! !i'l.'l, Carignan, Mataro, 



Mour.:\st, 1, i' ^ I • I. AUcaute Bouschet. 



St. Macaire, Be- 



Blii 



«rul ] 



White {>iauleriie. Hack. et«.). — .Semillon, .Sauvignon Blanc 

 and Vert. Johannisburg Riesling, Franken Riesling, Traminer, 

 Chasselas Dore (Ciutedel) , Chauche Gris, Burger, PoUe Blanche. 

 Feher Szagos. Green Hungarian, Palomino, White Pinot, 

 Thompson Seedless. 



Varieties for sweet wines are: 



Ports.— Mission. Malvoisie, Grenache, Trousseau. 



Sherry and ,l/,i./i„v.-:Mission, Palomino, West White Pro- 

 lific, VerilclliM V-]:' r S -.li: i^. Sultana, Thompson Seedless. 



of Alexandria. Muscatella, 



Fnr 



- : 1 I I'l Iiii- coast north of California, 

 vinifer.-i \;n,: - - ;iii- |. -^ widely grown, and locations 

 ni. , iiii_' I :,: I iMiemenrs must be selected with much 



car. II. 1 I ii-|ifCtion. The number of varieties is 



mil I I I I ' iM in California, as there is no product 



<.t • ill .. I lut of table Grapes only, and they are 



;diiii.-.t uhnlix ..iriy ripening kinds, which can mature in 

 thr sli..it. r -iMW iii'g season at the North. On the other 

 liaii.l. til.- Am. liran varieties are widely grown, the 

 f. III.-. .III. 1). lawai-.., Bloore Diamond, Moore Early, Niag- 

 ara ami Wurduu being most favorably reported. 



E. J.WlCKSON. 



Grapes Under Glass.— Under glass, the European va- 

 rieties alone are used. This species, Vitis vinifera, is 

 the vine of the ancients, and is indigenous to the more 

 salubrious parts of eastern Asia and southern Europe. 

 It is referred to in the earliest mythological writings of 

 ancient Egypt and thence on numberless occasions, no- 

 tably in the Bible and the New Testament. The story 

 of the spies from the promised land, with its generous 

 illustration, has excited the admiration and perhaps 

 questioned the credulity of many of us. It is only fair, 

 however, to state that the size of the cluster there rei>- 

 resented has been amply v.. mi,, rut in r. .^.rit r. nr^. 

 The type Vitis vinifera, if i' ■ . : • ■ 1 a 



become so merged and m<..l It: r 



eut climates and countries tl... I i i it 



at the present day. Over :;,i!,)i! \antiK3 ha. ., 1-. i ii .li 

 scribed, covering the widest rauge in size, color, ttxturo 

 and flavor, general appearance and quality. 



For disparity of size, we have the diminutive Black Cor- 

 inth, from which the Zante currants are prepared, and 

 the giant Gros Colman, now extensively grown for com- 

 mercial purposes under glass in England; and for con- 

 trast in color we have the beautiful Rose Chasselas and 

 the pink and white Frontignans and Muscats, with 

 their superb qualities and flavors, growing bythe tub 

 of the blue-black Alicante of thick skin and coai- i 

 texture, but valuable for its late-keeping quality ; .ml 

 worth more than all the others put together, v.e h l^ 

 the Black Hamburg, combining all the good quahtu s, 

 and easy of culture. 



Probably in no branch of horticulture is the g.irden- 

 ers' skill more generously rewarded than m Grape- 

 growing under glass. In England it has been an essen- 

 tial feature of horticultural work for more than a cen- 

 tury, resulting in fruit of a finer quality and flavor than 

 that grown in the open air, and very often 



GRAPE 



clusters, weighing from 20 to 30 pounds. Started thera 

 as a matter of luxury, it has become of late years a 

 matter of profit, and vineries of large extent have been 

 erected for commercial purposes. Probably this work 

 has been retarded here by the introduction of the many 

 very excellent varieties of our native Grapes, so easily 

 grown in the open air and so constantly improved by 

 hybridizing with the European, and tmdoubtedly this 

 work will yet result in a much closer approach to the 

 standard of European quality. 



The essential difference between American and Euro- 

 pean kinds is that in the American the pulp separates 

 from the skin, is usually tough and more or less acid, so 

 that it is disagreeable to remove the seeds, while in the 

 European the pulp adheres to the skin, is tender and 

 sweet throughout, and the seeds are easily removed. 

 European Grapes, when well grown, are valuable and 

 agreeable for the use of invalids, and, undoubtedly, in 

 the judgment of the majority of people, surpass in 

 quality any other fruit grown. 



The subject of Grape cultivation under glass may be 

 divided under several heads, as follows : Tlie Houses; 

 The Border; The Vines; The Fruit. 



TJie Rouses. — These are mainly of two forms, span- 

 roof and lean-to, with occasional modifications between. 

 Unless one has ample time and a desire to study their 

 construction, it is better to have plans and estimates 

 furnished by professional builders. 



Span-roof houses are adapted to large places with 

 spacious grounds, and particularly when an ornamental 

 effect is desired. On account of their exposure on all 

 sides, they require very careful attention, especially if 

 used for early forcing of Grapes. Where early work is 

 not desired, or for use without artificial heat, their dis- 

 advantage is not so apparent. Houses without artificial 

 heat, known as cold graperies, were in earlier years in 

 more general use than those with heat, but have about 

 disappeared with the introduction of the modern eco- 

 nomical heating apparatus, and the very great ad- 

 vantage in the use of 'the same, if only to a limited 

 extent. 



Lean-to houses, on account of their snug construction 

 and protection from northerly or prevailing w luds, are 

 especially desirable for early forcing of Grapes (Figs. 

 975, 97C). Often a st.-ible or other buil.lm.; <an be 

 'i.l-.l.'it :-.nrj- 11 II ,,t brick 



■ ' '- ]•■■•■ -' . •- I II I an be 



utilized for the Ti"rtli ^1.1.-, hut :-.nrj- 11 



or stone is rr. .i I i ■■ ■ ' - |. -. .- 



covered on 1 1 1 1 . . i ; - ' i [ 

 Crimson Rami i i , ; 



namental effi-i'i. A g i l,..i, ,^.,11 a i 



made of hotbed sash (Fig. '.1711,1. 



Foundations for the other three sides or for a 

 span-roof vinery can be constructed of ma- 

 sonry or wood. Masonry is preferable, as 

 the conditions of requisite heat and 

 moisture are very destructive to wood 

 work, especially near the ground 



isonry, piers are 



larting from solid 



id or- 



