760 HORTICULTURE 



early works need not be mentioned here. As early as 

 1785, Varlo's "New System of Husbandry" wa^ i.riiitf.l 



in Pliiladelphia. It is in many ways :< rciiKukablv 1 k, 



and it was written by a man who hjni liaii icin:ifkaMi' 

 experiences. He was not an Ameriraii, and the wc.ik 

 first appeared in the old country; but Vurlo had livud 

 in this country, and was in sympathy with the American 

 people. The book contained a "Farmer's and Kitchen 

 Garden Calendar." In 1792 there appeared anonymously, 

 from Burlington, New Jersey, the third edition of Ar- 

 thur Young's "Rural Economy," which excellently dis- 

 plays that noted author's catholicity of view. He ar- 

 gues strongly for experiments and for the establishing 

 of agricultural journals. This book first appeared in 

 London, in 1770. 



At the opening of the century, Sir Humphry Davy 

 had not illumined the science of agricultural chemistry, 

 and men were even disputing as to what the food of 

 plants is. The " burn-baking " or " devonshiring " of the 

 land— burning the sod and scattering the ashes over the 

 field — was still recommended ; and in 1799 James An- 

 derson's " Essay on Quick-lime as a Cement and as a 

 Manure," was given an American edition in Boston. It 

 is easy to see from these facts that the fundamental 

 conceptions of the science of agriculture were vague and 

 crude a century ago. Near the close of the last century, 

 Deane wrote that "the alarming effect of the present low 

 state of husbandry is, that we are necessitated to im- 

 port much of our food and clothing, while we are in- 

 capable of making proportionable remittances in the 

 produce of the soil, or in anything else," 



The earliest book on a horticultunil -nli^'i IviM^wnto 

 have been published in North Alii' II > Mrs. 



Logan's, was an American edition "t \i l:i:ii.- 



duction to the Knowledge and Plan , i,,,,,, -.•' 



Boston, 1799. The first indigeuout, h.., n. uliuial book 

 appeared in 1804, "The American Gardener," by John 

 Gardiner and David Hepburn. It was published at 

 Washington. This book had an extensive sale. It was 

 revised by "a citizen of Virginia," and republished in 

 Georgetown, D. C, in 1818. A third edition appeared in 

 1826. {SeeHepbHrn.} This book was followed in 1806 by 

 Bernard M'Mahon's excellent and voluminous "Ameri- 

 can Gardener's Calendar," in Philadelphia. This work 

 enjoyed much popularity, and the eleventh edition ap- 

 peared as late as 18.57. For fifty years it remained the 

 best American work on general gardening. M'Mahon 

 remembered in the ?' 

 personage. Hf w; 

 duction int.. .-nl'i^ 

 and Chirk. Tli. ■ 

 advice l'..r ili. -n 

 the plan tli.n [...pn 

 noteworthy preced 

 Hortense "of John 



HORTICULTURE 



I barberries, was an important 

 . k,,.,j...|v r.-pousible for the intro- 



' ' tii. .I.nts collected by Lewis 



M re calendars, giving 

 Thej' were made on 

 .11 III Lii-!:iii.|, a plan which has such 

 ent as tin* excellent "Kalendarium 

 Evelyn, which first appeared in 1064, 

 and went to nine regular editions. Other early books of 

 this type were "An old gardener's ' Practical American 

 Gardener,' "Baltimore, 1819 and 1822; Thorbum's "Gen- 

 tleman's and Gardener's Kalendar," New York, the third 

 edition of which appeared in 1821 ; Robert Squibb's 

 "Gardener's Calendar for the States of North-Carolina, 

 South-Carolina, and Georgia," Charleston, 1827. 



The first indigenous book written on the topical plan, 

 treating subject by subject, was Coxe's fruit book, 1817; 

 the second appears to have been Cobbett's "American 

 Gardener," published at New York in 1819, in London 

 in 1821, and which ].a--.-.l ihr..u^'li s„),M-.|uent editions. 

 This William Ci.1.1.. 11 i- tl,, ..n. u l... . .lit.-d the feder- 

 alist paper in Phila.l. I|.|ii:i kn..« n :is ■ I', i.r Porcupine's 

 Gazette," and whf.sf attack iii.(.n Dr. liiish's treatment 

 of yellow fever brought asainst him a judgment for 

 damages, and which decided him to return to England 

 in 1800, whence he had come, by way of France, in 1792. 

 In London he again took up political writing, and in 

 181T he retreated to America to escape political penal- 

 ties, and resided upon a farm on Long Island until 1819. 

 He kept a seed store in New York in 1818, and we find 

 Grant Thorburn disputing with him in the "Evening 

 Post " as to which sold the better rutabaga seed at one 

 dollar a pound. Cobbett, it seems, claimed to have been 

 the introducer of this vegetable, also known as the Rus- 

 sia turnip, into this country ; but Thorhum retorts that 

 "in the fear 1796 » large field of these turnips was 



that piece of ground now occu- 

 t till- .'it y .if Washington." He 



ii-dan.l, I.. niing a Voluminous 



.■.■..ii..iiii.al subjects. (See6'o6- 



.' iMitf. ill c.nnection with this 



IS, that the kohlrabi was intro- 



d Deane says of it in 



1797, that "whether this plant, which has but newly 

 found its way into our country, is hardy enough to bear 

 the frost of our winters, I suppose is yet to be proved." 

 It was recommended to be grown as a biennial, which 

 accounts for Deane's f.ar that it might not pass the 

 winters. 



Fessenden's "New .\]ii.rii-aii ilar.lener," made upon 

 the topical plan, appcan-.l in l;..~t..n in 1828, and went to 

 various editions ; and from tins time on, gardening 

 books were frequent. Some of the leading early authors 

 are Thomas Bridgeman, of New York ; Robert Buist, 



of Philadelphia, and Jo 



Flower- B.1 

 can hook d. \ ■ 

 Green's "Tl-. 

 1828. Edwai 

 Garden Comi 



Breck, of Boston. 

 'LTURE. — The first Araeri- 

 .vers was probably Roland 

 ationof Flowers," Boston, 

 cd the "American Flower 

 n, in 1838. From 1830 to 



1860 there app.an-d many of those superficial and fash- 

 ionable books, which deal with the language of flowers, 

 and which assume that the proper way to popularize 



botanv is bv mrans of manufa.-turcd sentiment. 



then follow two annotated lists, one of annuals and bi 

 ennials and the other of greenhouse plants. These lists 

 are interesting, also, for what they do not contain. Ail 

 the plants which they mention are here set down: 



Althiea trutex, 



Almond, Double-flowering, 



Amaranthus superbus, 



Amaranthns tricolor, 



Animated Oats, 



Aster, China, 



Auricula. 



Azalea nudiflora, 



Box, 



Brier, Sweet, 



Canterliiirj- Bell, 



Carnation, 



Cassia Marylandic.i, 



Catalpa, 



Cherry, Double-flowering, 

 Chrysanthemum Indicum, 

 Clfmatis, Austrian (C. in- 



tegrifotia), 

 Clethra, 

 Columbine. 

 ConvolviUus, 

 Corchorus Japonicus, 

 Croi-us, 

 Cupid's Car, or Monk's Hood 



