796 



IDAHO 



ex,tremes of temperature prevail in the southern portion 

 o£ the state than in the northern. The summers are 

 hotter in the south than in the north, and the rigors of 

 winter are more severely experienced. 



Irrigation for the successful cultivation of crops is 

 necessary over most of the southern portion of the 

 state, below the 45th parallel of latitude. North of this 

 there is generally an abundance of rainfall, the atmos- 

 phere is humid, and the soil is retentive of moisture. 

 The native soils of Idaho are mostly of volcanic origin, 

 interspersed with clay and sandy loam, and altogether 

 quite fertile. Excepting in the narrow mountain valleys, 

 and in the deep canyons of the Snake river, altitude 

 largely determines the character of horticultural pur- 

 suits. According to tlie T'liiti-d Stati-s Wi-^itlier Bureau 

 records, some of th^ iiltim.li - :ii.- ili. -.■ : l,c w i-ii.n. i;47 

 feet ; Kootenai, 1 . . "" . I ' ' ■ i > . _ !"■ ■ ; I ■ i - I ■ i man, 

 2,196; Moscow, '.:..i;i : I-. '.'J,--'; _\ m.- i r,, „ rails, 



4,341; Blackfoot. 4,:i'i:;; y.>r\ LmmIh. t i; I.I.iIm. l-'alls, 



4,732; Paris, 5,946; Atlanta. 7,0(11). The known altitudes 

 are named at points which are considered most advan- 

 tageous for estimating variations for the whole state. 

 Much of the south-central portion of Idaho contains vast 

 lava beds, and hundreds of square miles are thus occu- 

 pied. Among them, however, lie fertile irrigated areas. 

 The wild sage brush covering these extensive table- 

 lands grows most luxuriantly, often attaining to a height 

 of six feet and over. Along the streams and bottom- 

 lands of southern Idaho are growths of willows and pop- 

 lars, and in the mountain gulches a black haw and dwarf 

 maple skirt the water courses. Very little shrubbery 

 grows in the mountains. In the mountain regions above 

 an elevation of 4.500 feet, pine, spruce and fir abound. 

 That portion of the state north of the 45th parallel con- 

 tains fine forests of pine, fir, tamarack and cedar. The 

 mountains, hills and valleys are also well covered with 

 small drciduMUs trees and shrubbery, which for ages 

 have rMiitriliutrd towards the establishment of a soil 

 ri.'li ill "ix'aiiir matter. The list of species of deciduous 

 plant- I.. and native in this part of the state is so exten- 

 sive that it w.iuld seem out of place to name them in 

 this article. There are no wild fruits of economic im- 

 portance growing in the state. 



Horticultural operations are conducted within narrow 

 limits above an altitude of 4,500 feet. Up to 3,500 feet 

 elevation, fruit-raising has shown great promise. The 

 best adapted sections for raising apples lie within the 

 counties of Latah, Nez Perce,Washington, Canyon, Ada, 

 and more limited in portions of Elmore, Boise, Cassia, 

 Owyhee, Lincoln and Kootenai. Apples can also be 

 produced in other counties to a very limited extent. 

 Even in Bear Lake county, at an elevation of 6,000 feet, 

 some varieties are being raised successfully. 



The horticultural inspectors of the various horticul- 

 tural districts last year made a careful computation of 

 the fruit acreage in their respective territories, and re- 

 ported as foUows : Ada county, 5,581 acres ; Bannock, 

 100 ; Bear Lake, 100 ; Bingham, 1,100 ; Blaine, 350 ; 

 Boise, 141 ; Canyon, 5,360 ; Cassia, 507; Custer, 185 ; 

 Elmore, 875 ; Fremont, 1,000 ; Idaho, 200 ; Kootenai, 

 1,500 ; Latah, 5,900 ; Lemhi, 200 ; Lincoln, 840 ; Nez 

 Perce, 2,000 ; Oneida, 1,000 ; Owyhee, 216 ; Shoshone, 

 1,200; Washington, 2,450. These figures show for the 

 whole state a total of 30,805 acres planted to fruit. The 

 figures include orchards, vineyards, and small fruit 

 plantings, and are considered very reliable. Consider- 

 ably the largest acreage is apples; then follow pnines, 

 peaches, pears, chen'ies, nectarines and quinces in the 

 order named. Small-fruit growing covers an important 

 portion of the acreage given. 



All kinds of forest trees suitable to northern climatic 

 conditions can be grown with excellent success within 

 the state. F. A. HtTNTLEY. 



IDfiSIA (Tobrants Ides, Dutch traveler in China). 

 BixAcew. A genus whose only species is a Japanese 

 tree, hardy as far north as Philadelphia. It is a large, 

 rapid-growing, deciduous tree, with large Ivs. borne on 

 reddish stalks and loose clusters of fragrant, greenish 

 yellow fls. which are inconspicuous except for their 

 prominent anthers, and numerous orange-colored ber- 

 ries about the size of a small cherry. Fls. dioecious, the 

 parts in 5's (or 3-6); sepals tomentose, imbricated, de- 



ILEX 



ciduous; petals 0; stamens indefinite, inserted on a 

 small disk with villous filaments: ovary of pistillate fls. 

 globose : berries with an indefinite number of seeds. 

 Prop, by green wood and root cuttings. 



polyoirpa, Maxun. Height 40 to 50 ft. : Ivs. drooping, 

 5-10 in. long, sometimes 8 in. broad, usually cordate- 

 acuminate, sometimes oblong or orbicular, deep green, 

 margin distantly serrate, glaucous beneath, petiole 4-6 

 in. long : panicles shorter than the Ivs., pendulous : 

 staminate fls. K in. across. Var. crispa has curled foli- 

 age. B.M. 6794. B.H. 1872, pp. 174, 175; 1878, p. 254 ; 

 1888, pp. 403-465. F. 1874, pp. 64, 65. 



Joseph Meehan and W. M. 



ILEX (the ancient Latin name of liiorrus ri,j-\. In- 

 cluding Prinos and Othera. lh''in-^! ,,.|J,'' ■ 'I. 



Holly. Ornamental evergri' n i '• ■ \ -. 



with alternate, simple, sometim. hi! ■ , 'I in- 



conspicuous, whitish fls. in axillaix rln-t, r- ..r -lil.iiy, 

 and black, red or sometimes yellow hi-irit-s. nmainiiig 

 on the branches often until the following spring. Of 

 the evergreen species, only I. glabra and /. riigosn are 

 quite hardy North, and also I. opaca and /. crenata in 

 somewhat sheltered positions. /. Aquifolhim and /. 

 cornuta are more tender but stand many degrees of 

 frost if sheltered, while most of the others can only be 

 grown South. Of the deciduous species, /. deridua, I. 

 moutieola, I. Icevigata and verticillata are hardy North; 

 also /. iSieboldi and some other Japani>r sjuci. - ai-o 

 hardy or nearly so. The Hollies, esiHiiall\ ih.i.i wuh 

 scarlet or red berries, are highly ornaim mil. ami tlni 

 berried branches of /. opaca and /. A<iuil.'liin,i arc in 

 great demand for Christmas decoration. Also /. Ufvi- 

 gata and verticillata, the prettiest in fruit of the decid- 

 uous kinds, are sometimes sold for this purpose. The 

 deciduous species are mostly shrubs, while many of the 

 evergreen species grow into small or medium-sized trees, 

 and /. opaca is the tallest of the broad-leaved ever- 

 greens which are hardy North ; the evergreens/, crenata, 

 glabra, rugosa, always remain shrubby. Ilex opaca fills 

 the old, deserted and very dry and sunny, barren fields of 

 the South, and thrives on extremely poor soil, and has 

 good color, too. This trait is worth noting. /. Afjiii- 

 foliiim is a favorite evergreen in English gardens, and 

 numerous varieties are there in cultivation; it stands 

 severe pruning well, and can be clipped and trained into 

 almost every shape ; it also makes fine hedges, but its 

 slow growtli is a disadvantage. As the chief value of 

 the deciduous species is in the ornamental fruits and 

 the Hollies are dioecious, care should be lal ^ ti u. -rl,, t 

 in planting a few staminate ones, but n • ' '■ 



plants, and to give the latter the most pi 



The light, close-grained and tough wi.ihI .i 



arborescent species is much valued tor iiuimj ...jik, 

 engraving and cabinet-making. The Ivs. of some tropi- 

 cal species, as /. Paragiiariensis and /. conocarpa, yield 

 a kind of tea known as Yerba de Mat^, or Paraguay Tea, 

 which is much used in S. America. The Hollies grow 

 best in rich, well-drained soil, and the evergreen ones in 

 partly shaded situations, but /. Icevigata, verticillata and 

 also Sieboldi prefer moist places, and grow even in 

 swamps. Most of the species grow slowly, and are not 

 easily transplanted when older. The best time for mov- 

 ing the evergreen species is the early fall, when the 

 young wood has almost ripened, or in the spring Just 

 before the plants start into new growth. The leaves 

 should be stripped on F -r'f-t and r A/iuifoUiim, -when 

 transplanted, particnl'i! ,i a ,!! , \|„,sed— or at least 

 nearly all. This is ai^ ' ^ -arvto insure suc- 

 cess. Wild Hollies m i i his way with suc- 

 cess, particularly if .-"i Karl, a- A' 11. Prop, by seeds, 

 which do not germinate until the second year, and are 

 therefore stratified and treated like those of the slow- 

 growing hawthorns. The young seedlings should be 

 transplanted after the second vi-ar. Tlic ivi-rgreen spe- 

 cies may be inrr.as,.(ll,y.-uftin-- .f ii|M ,,. .1 u"..d under 

 glass, especiallx- ill.- -liriiM\ '■ a No some- 

 times graftial ..r liiali|..| 111! -. ■ ' / tj III folium 

 OTOpaca. AliHUt 17a -i'rri,.v 111 \ ,,:, - 1 !' lira, tropi- 

 cal and temperate Asia and t.H III A 1 1 I. 11. Aii-tialia and 

 Europe. Lvs. petioled. witli sniall, la.lin.ius stipules: 

 fls. dioecious, usually in rather fi w 11.1. a\illaiy cymes; 

 calyx lobes, petals and stamens u-ually 4, sometimes 



