848 JUNIPERUS 



than those with scale-like Ivs., and the latter are there- 

 fore mostly increased by side-grafting during the win- 

 ter in the greenhouse on young potted plants of the 

 typical form or an allied species. The shrubby species, 

 especially J". Sabinaj are also prop, by layers. 



About 35 species distributed throughout the extra- 

 tropical regions of tlie northern hemisphere, in America 

 south to Mexico and W. liuliti. Trees or shrubs with 

 the branchlets spna.lin^' in all directions: Ivs. either 

 all needle-shaped and in .I's. ..r needle-shaped and scale- 

 like, and usually "ppuj^iti.-, often found on the same 

 plant, the needle shaped Ivs. prevailing on younger 

 plants and vigorous branches, the scale-like ones on 

 older plants: fls. dioecious, rarely monoecious; staminate 

 yellow, consisting of numerous anthers united into an 

 ovoid or oblong catkin; pistillate greenish, minutely 

 globular, with several bracts; each or some bearing 1 or 2 

 ovules; the bracts become fleshy and unite into a berry- 

 like cone, usually wholly enclosing the 1-6, rarely 12, 

 seeds. The fr. ripens either the first year, as in J. 

 Virginiami, or the second, as in J. Subina and most 

 species, or in the third, as in J. communis. 



Juniperus is closely allied to Cupressus, and some- 

 times hard to distinguish without fr. ; but young plants 

 with needle-shaped Ivs. can be almost always told apart, 

 since Juniperus has whitish lines or mariss on the upper 

 surface of the Ivs., while the similar juvenile forms of 

 allied genera have the whitish marks beneath. Most 

 species are very variable, as well in habit as in the 

 shape of the Ivs., which renders the determination of 

 an unknown form, at least without fr., a rather difficult 



INDEX. 



A. Foliage always needle-shaped and in S's, rigid, 



jointed at the base: fls. axillary, dioecious: win- 

 ter-buds with scale-like Ivs. (see also No. 6). 



B. Fr. large, %-l in. across, with the seeds connate into 



a usually S-celled bony stone. [Caryocedrus.) 



1. dnip&cea, Labill. Pyramidal tree with narrow head, 

 to 45 ft. : Ivs. lanceolate, spiny-pointed, K-% in. long 

 and ys-)4 in. broad (the broadest of all species), with 2 

 white lines above: fr. bluish black, edible. S. E. Eu., 

 W.Asia. G.C. 1854:455; III. 19:519. R.H. 1854, p. 1G5. 



BB. Fr. smaller: seeds not connate, usually s. 

 c. Lvs. with 2 white lines above. 



2. macrocirpa, Sibth. (./. yeaborihisis, Gord.). Shrub 

 or small tree, to 12 ft., of dense pyramidal habit: lvs. 

 crowded, linear-lanceolate, spiny-pointed, spreading, 

 K-?4in. long: fr. to Kin. across, dark brown, glaucous. 

 Mediterranean region. 



3. Oxycedrus, Linn. Bushy shrub or small tree, to 

 12 ft., with rather slender branches: lvs. linear, spiny- 

 pointed, spreading, }4-% in.: fr. globose, ii-% in. 

 across, brown, shining, not or slightly glaucous. Medi- 

 co, l/vs. with one white line above. 



4. rigida, Sieb. & Zucc. Small, pyramidal tree, to 

 30 ft., or spreading shrub with the slender branches 

 pendulous at the extremities: lvs. in closely set whorls, 

 narrow-linear, stiff, yellowish green, }4-l in. long: fr. 

 about M in. across, dark violet. Japan. S.Z. 125.— 

 Graceful, hardy shrub, somewhat similar to J. commu- 

 nis, var. oblonga, but the lvs. more crowded and stiffer. 



5. commilnis, Linn. Common Juniper. Shrub, with 

 procumbent, spreading or erect branches, sometimes 

 tree becoming 40 ft.: lvs. linear or linear-lanceolate, 



and with a broad white band above, spiny- 

 i, i4-%in. long: fr. almost sessile, dark blue, 



JUNIPERUS 



glaucous, K-H in. across. Widely distributed through 

 the colder regions and mountains of the northern hemi- 

 sphere in many different forms. Some of the most i_m- 



g^ta, Hort. Upright f.n m. « mm ih.- tips of the branch- 

 lets golden yellow. V:u-. Canadensis, Loud. (</. Vana- 

 deiis is, Burgsd. J. iian.i CwinM/t ii.ms, Carr.). Similar to 

 var. nana, but higher and more erect and the lvs. some- 

 what longer and narrower. Var. Canadensis aiirea, 

 Hort. Like the former, but tips of branchlets golden 

 yellow. Var. hemisphaerica. Pari. (J. Iiemisphwrica, 

 Presl). A low, dense, rounded bush, rarely more than 

 3 ft. high: lvs. straight and stiff, short. Mountains of 

 southern Eu. and N. Afr. Var. Hibemica, Gord. (var. 

 stricta,CaTr.). Fig. 5:i.i.Vol. 1. Narrow, columnar form, 



with upright branches, deep green, tips of branchlets 

 erect. Var. nina, Loud. ( J. Mdnn, Willd. J. alpina, S. 

 P. Gray. J. Sibirica, Burgsd.). Pig. 1201. Low- 

 spreading or procumbent shrub, seldom over 2 ft. high: 

 lvs. oblong-linear, abruptly pointed, usually incurved, 

 densely clothing the branches, with a broad silvery 

 white line above, H-% in. long. Arctic and mountain- 

 ous regions. Var. obWnga, Loud. {,/. oblinga, Bieb.). 

 Upright shrub, with slender, diverging and recurving 

 branches : lvs. thin, long-attenuate, horizontally spread- 

 ing, bright green. Transcaucasia. Var. obl6ngo-p£n- 

 dula, Carr. (var. refUxa, Pari.). Similar to the preced- 

 ing, but more decidedly pendulous. A very graceful 

 form. Var. pendula, Carr. Shrub, with spreading, re- 

 curving branches and pendulous branchlets. Var. 

 Sudcica, Loud. (var. fastigiiitu, Hort.). Narrow, colum- 

 nar form, growing sometimes into a tree to 40 ft. high, 

 with rather long, spreading lvs., the branchlets with 

 drooping tips: of lighter and more bluish color than 

 thesimilar var. fi'jftennca. Var. vuIgAris, Loud. Bushy 

 shrub or small tree, with usually upright or sometimes 

 spreading branches : lvs. linear, straight and spreading. 

 This is the common European form, sometimes hard to 

 distinguish from the American upright form, var. erficta, 

 Pursh, which, however, has not the columnar habit so 

 common with the European variety, and nas the lvs. 

 more silvery white above, of lighter green and mostly 

 slightly curved. 



AA. Foliage usually of two kinds of lvs. (Fig. 1203) 

 and opposite, decurrent : fls. terminal : no dis- 

 tinct winter-buds. 



B. Lvs. in S's, lanceolate, short, loosely appressed: fr. 

 oblong. 



6. recuTva, Hamilt. {J. repdnda, Hort.). Shrub or 

 small tree, to 30 ft., with spreading and usually recurv- 

 ing branches : branchlets rather thick : lvs. linear- 

 lanceolate, pointed, grayish or glaucous green with a 

 whitish band above : fr. about !4 in. long, 1-seeded. 

 Himalayas. G.C. II. 19:468. Gn. 36, p. 215. Var. d^nsa, 

 Carr. Dwarf, with short, crowded branchlets: lvs. 

 curved, grayish green. Var. squamilta. Pari. (J. squa- 

 mdta, Hamiit. ). Prostrate, with long, trailing branches 

 and numerous short branchlets : lvs. straight, slightly 

 spreading, glaucous or bluish green. Much hardier than 

 the type. 



BB. Lvs. mostly opposite, scale-like or of two kinds, 



usually with a gland on the back: fr. mostly 



globular. 



c. Fr. erect or nodding: mostly trees. 



D. Color of fr. reddish brown, with rather dry, fibrous 



flesh: lvs. minutely denticulate. 



7. phGBnicea, Linn. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft., 

 with ovate-pyramidal head and upright branches : 



