878 



LANDSCAPE GARDENING 



character of the formalesque garden is dominated so 

 completely by the nature of the architecture and the site, 

 that condensed general remarks are of little purpose. 



Landscape Gardening has undergone many fluctua- 

 tions of taste within the century. Such changes are to 



1229 An 



be expected as long as the human race makes progress. 

 The constantly increasing wealth of plants modifies 

 the spirit of the work. It is no longer worth while to 

 follow any school or cult. Every style has its use 

 and place. In small city or suburban places, a formal 

 or formalesque treatment of the ground plan may be 

 desirable. In larger and freer places, the spirit of the 

 fields may be given fuller expression The fundamental 

 thing to consider is the fact that there must be a general 

 theory or plan before there is any grading and plant- 

 ing,— these latter things are only means to an end. Yet 

 many persons who would be called landscape gardeners 

 conceive that to plant a place is the whole of the pro- 

 blem. The working out of the details of the plan is to 

 Landscape Gardening what building is to architecture, 

 or what pen-work and grammar are to literature. It is 

 the industrial or constructional part of the work. It is 

 what has been called Landscape Horticulture (Bailey 

 "Garden and Forest," 1:58). It has to do with all the 

 details of kinds of plants, the care of them, the making 

 of lawns, and similar problems. The American writings 

 on Landscape Gardening are mostly writings on land- 

 scape horticulture and kinds of plants. Of indigenous 

 American books, only two (Downing and Waugh) can 

 be said to give a dominant .share of their space to the prin- 

 ciples of Landscape Gardening as a fine-art conception. 

 The first American practicing landscape gardener of 

 note was Andrfi Parmentier, who came to this country 

 from Belgium about 1824 and established a nursery 

 on ground which is now in the heart of Brooklyn. He 

 was a man of great taste and skill, and Andrew J. Down- 

 ing considered his "labors and example as having 

 effected, directly, far more for Landscape Gardening in 

 America than those of any other individual whatever." 

 He laid out many places, even as far away as the south- 

 ern states on the south and Montreal on the north. The 

 first American book on Landscape Gardening sprung 

 full-fledged and complete from the pen of A. J. Down- 

 ing in 1841, without having undergone the tedious evo- 

 lution of preliminary and imperfect editions which char- 

 acterize so many horticultural and kindred writings. It 



LANDSCAPE GARDENING 



was immediately popular, and it has probably ex- 

 erted a greater influence on American horticulture 

 than any other single volume. It remains to this day 

 without a superior and almost without a competitor. 

 Downing was also the second prominent practicing land- 

 scape gardener, although his untimely death left the 

 (MMiiitry with nn i-cuijili-ted works of his genius. His 

 lir^t known |ii.,', ■; an- tlie grounds of the .Smithsonian 

 Insiitnii"!! :in.l l,.ifayrtte Square, Washington, but it is 

 ilnul.tfiil if till- sul).^i.|UHut treatment which the former 

 duinc'Siiu bus rcciivcd is such as would have pleased 

 the designer. A. J. Downing's pomological work was 

 continued by his painstaking brother Charles ; but the 

 artistic work dropped at his death, and Henry Winthrop 

 Sargent, who edited the sixth edition of the "Landscape 

 Gardening," in 1859, declared that "there has been no 

 one since Mr. Downing's death who has exactly filled 

 the niche he occupied in the public estimation." The 

 third genius of American Landscape Gardening, and 

 the one who has carried the art to its highest points of 

 excellence, is Frederick Law Olmsted, who as a young 

 man was inspired by Downing, and who became a land- 

 scape gardener when he was placed in charge of the 

 improvements nf Centrnl Park. N-w V..rk -iti-, about 

 185«. Fcrni...-.' than twrntv-liv.. X, :,,- M ,■ (il n, -i, ,1 has 

 given lii- i:ihiit^ « li.,||\- I" till- .ii ! ' I. more 



than any ..tli-r Anim. an, liav nnmi .. ., : , ., , . i:.l|ized 

 public t.a-t.- r.->i„.,'t)n^' th.^ apiir.ri;,! i, ,,, , r I ,, ii,K,.ape 

 Gardening. A leading spirit in the construction of this 

 great park was Calvert Vaux, who, with Olmsted, was 

 joint author of the original plan. Vaux was also asso- 

 ciated with A. J. Downing. He diid in 1895. He was an 

 excellent artist. The iniiiiii.n .r f. ntral Park as a 

 pleasure ground inaugin.i^ I '' u ' in )iark systems 

 of the country, and creat. , I 1 1 of Meath has 



recently designated the ' . ■ ih.iIih i .■_. lor park mak- 

 ing" which has "seized tin An.iiii.iu j.iiblic." See the 

 article on Piirkx, Vol. 111. 



Witliiti recent years, the number of practitioners of 

 Landscape hardening has greatly increased. The art is 

 becoming established in popular estimation. Tastes 

 may change, but the changes will affect only the minor 

 applications of Landscape Gardening. The desire for 

 artistic treatment of grounds is ineradicable. Three 

 national societies are conservators of the Landscape 



Gardening and rural art of the country : American Park 

 and Out-Door Art Association ; American Society of 

 Landscape Architects ; Association of American Ceme- 

 tery Superintendents. 

 The one point in which America excels other countries 



