LANDSCAPE GARDENING 



in landscape art is in the rural and garden cemetery. 

 The first distinct movement towards a rural cemetery 

 was made in 1825 by Jacob Bigelow, of Boston, whose 

 work was soon taken up by the Massachusetts Horti 

 cultural Society As a result of the agitation by this 

 admirable organization Mt Auburn Cemeterj at Cam 

 bridge, was established and incorporated m 18 il Ihe 

 consummation of this enterprise gave to the w ild i 

 cemetery which should be distinct from church \ iid 

 removed from the citj and softened b) the „i i uu 

 touch of natuie nnd thereby also tli -( luu^ Mi i 

 chusetts Horticultunl Soiiit\ set iii \ iiiii I I ill 

 similar organiz itions and achieved f i it It ii luim^ 

 fame. The wiik of Rcpton ind I on 1 ii 1 1 1 ii t tli ii 

 enlivened and broadened thr i | ti i II i i 

 Gardening, and Mt Aubiii i i I i t 1 1 



of its kind, is not a land | I I 



modern art of girden cem f 1 1 



the park, the contitni u i i 



fundamental contc I ti i il 



Adolph Stiauth «l i 



of Spring Gro\e i 



Prussian, born in 1 i i II i i 



Spring Grove cemei m li i in iK ^i^ n linu li iiii^, 

 fame, and his book dLsciioiug the pldce must 

 suited by any one who trai es the evolution of the garden 

 cemetery. The Board of Directors of the cemeterj said 

 at the time of his death that he had tilled the measure 

 of his ambition by the consent of his profession, which 

 ranked him as the equal of Repton and Piickler-Miiskau 

 as a master of art in landscape creation, which had been 

 finally proved by him to be possible to be successfully 

 applied in adorning and making attractive the last rest- 

 ing places of humanity." At the present time, about a 

 hundred burial places in various parts of North America 

 can be said t.> be landscape-garden cemeteries. See the 

 article on A 'n. '..//;. f. //'</*>-)>s, following. 



The su ! :l ].-■■■■■■••• nf Landscape Gardening de- 

 pends, Hr-i, t. : ' I h temperament and an inher- 

 ent love oT i,,, .i : J 1, c in an intimate knowledge of 

 plants; ami tinn;. uu l;iiiiiliarity with various arts and 

 handicrafts, as the making of roads, grading, draining, 

 enriching the land, and the like. Landscape Gardening 

 must be sharply distinguished from gardening : the 



ture. In one, the interest centers in art: in the other it 

 centers in plants. Since Landscape Gardening is pri- 

 marily a matter of taste, it is impossible that it be 



LANDSCAPE GARDENING 



879 



tinguish sharply between the fundamentals and the in- 

 cidentals,— those things which are to give the character 

 or tone to the place, and those which are embellishments 

 or ornaments Keep one or more spaces open Plant the 

 sides or boundaries with masses Use single or individual 

 plants only to emphasize or to heighten an effect not to 



1231. Glimpse 



dominated by rules However a few geneial precepts 

 and suggestions may be useful and these are given in 

 the following paragraph (see Figs 1232-1238) 



The motive of a true landscape garden as already ex- 

 plained, is to make a picture. The picture should have a 

 landscape or nature-like effect. The place should be 

 one thing: it should emphasize some thought or feeling. 

 It should have one central or emphatic object. Avoid 

 scattered effects. Bunch or mass the planting. Dis- 



56 



1232. Outline of an open center and 



Suggestion from Englischer Garten, Munich, 

 give it character: they are incidentals. Ornament should 

 be an incident. Foliage is a fundamental. Greensward is 

 the canvas on which the picture is spread. Plants are more 

 useful for the positions they occupy than for their kinds. 

 Walks and drives are no part of a landscape picture : 

 they are a necessity, but they may be made to conform 

 to the spirit of the picture. The place Im- walks and 

 drives is where they are needed: other»i-r ilir\ Ikim- 



no use or purpose. It is the part of a u ! I <:hI-< .ii'- 



gardener to make his grounds conform i" the l.ml.l- 

 ings : it should equally be the part of an architect to 

 make his buildings conform to the landscape. Make 

 views to desirable objects in the outlying landscape or 

 the offscape. Obstnict the views to undesirable parts. 

 Aim for a good prospect from every window in a 

 residence, including the kitchen. Shear the trees and 

 bushes when hedges, curiosities, and formal gardens 

 are wanted : let them assume their natural forms when 

 a landscape garden is wanted (Pigs. 1237, 1238). Place 

 no tree or plant until you are sure that it will mean some- 

 thing. 



The best results in the planning of any place are to 

 be expected when one employs a competent landscape 

 gardener. Avoid the man who places great stress on 

 flower beds and "designs." Yet one can do much by 

 himself, and be the happier for the effort. Books will 

 help. Some of the current American books on Land- 

 scape Gardening and related topics are the following : 

 Dowuing's "Landscape Gardening ;" Kemp's "How to 

 Lay Out a Garden ;" Parson's "Landscape Gardening'- 

 and "How to Plan the Home Grounds ;" Long's "Orna- 

 mental Gardening for Americans ;" Waugh's "Land- 

 scape Gardening ;" Maynard's "Landscape Gardeningas 

 Applied to Home Decoration;" Davis' "Ornamental 

 Shrubs;" Van Rensselaer's "Art Out of Doors;" Bai- 

 ley's "Garden-Making." See BorderSj Herbs, Lawns, 

 Piirks, Shrubs. l H. B 



Landscape Cemeteries (Plate XVII). -The cemeteries 

 of the present day have come into existence from a desire 

 to have burials made at a distance from centers of popu- 

 lation, and among beautiful surroundings. They are 

 often called "rural cemeteries." The first one in the 

 United States to merit this name was Mt. Auburn, near 

 Boston, Mass., founded in 1831. Since then the idea of 

 having burial places park-like in their character has 

 been spreading until they contain to-day some of the 

 most beautiful landscapes developed by the hand of 

 man. The wish to have in the cemetery all the beauty 

 of trees, shrubs, lawns and flowers has gradually led to 

 the abolition of fences, coping and other lot enclosures, 

 and a reduction in the number of monuments and the 

 size of headstones. There are many who now believe 



