MANURE 



I of bediling were used in the tests from 

 which the foregoiug figures were made. 



Ki7id of animal. Value per pear. 



Fowls (1,000 lbs. of) $31 10 



Slieep ■' •■ 26 O'J 



Calves " " LH 45 



Pigs • " '[ 00 88 



Usually these animals are Isept in the stables but half of 

 the year, and inevitably some loss will occur, therefore 

 it will be safe to estimate the recovered value per year 

 at one-third to one-fourth of the above. 



Heretofore the waste of the valuable constituents of 

 Manures in the United States has been very great. Until 

 recently, large, open barnyards have been the rule. In 

 the northern and central parts of the United States the 

 rainfall exceeds 30 inches per annum. Many barnyards 

 contain from a quarter to half an acre. One inch of 

 rainfall equals 113 tons of water per acre. If this be mul- 

 tiplied by thirty, a fairly accurate estimate is secui-ed of 

 the water which largely passes through or over the Ma- 

 nure and carries off its most soluble and hence most 

 valuable constituents. The loss of value in Manures 

 exposed at Ithaca, in loose heaps of from two to ten tons, 

 during six months, was as follows: 



1889. Horse manure 42* 



1890. Horse manure 62« 



1890. Cowmanure 30* 



1689. Mixed, compacted 9* 



Even in horticulture, where a more liberal use of 

 Manure than in general farming is admissable, too much 

 reliance is often placed on Manures and too little on 

 tillage. Manures may furnish plant-food, improve the 

 physical condition of the soil, conserve and increase 

 heat and moisture. Ten to twenty times as much food 

 as the plants can utilize is sometimes applied. Growth 

 and development are ninro lar2:ely determined by the 

 amount of moistnn' tli:iri hy tin- amount of plant-food. 

 Five tons of presii\ .a liniTi .'M^iiiiue contain of nitrogen, 

 phosphoric acid ami ii.it.i-h. i;ii, 30 ami 4.5 

 pounds, respeoti\tl\ . ') \ . Tir\ llv<* Imsliels _ s:-^t.=*" 

 of wheat, with str;r'', .■..1!':,:m i:. II.-. .if nilro- <'- 

 gen, 18 lbs. of il;. , -..•.■; L'7 n.-. " •, 



of potash. Wo^I - . ~ ' ' :' ;i- aliMiiiiils 



of unavailable I. !• .1 i)li<v,ii i , ;r. .nliil.l./ \,l:,ui- 

 food. Manures should Ijt- n<c-d hir<;.;y to fei.d 

 plants between the time the nutrients in the 

 seed have been exhausted and that when the 

 plants have secured a firm hold o?i the soil 

 by manifold rontlefs. Ex.-rpt wlirre otlirr- ^; 



nures should be siuriid i hinl v in i h.- autunm i^*'''' 



or early winter on tin- .-urin.-.- wlirn.- |,i:iiit, 

 are growing, thus iinitatiuK nature .s lutlhuds of main- 

 taining and increasing productivity, i. i>. Roberts. 



MAPANIA (aboriginal name). Ctjper&cew. Perhaps 

 G or 8 described species in tropical countries, compris- 

 ing strong perennial herbs, with broad and strong Ivs. 

 arising from the crown, and large 11. -clusters on mostly 

 leafless scapes: the small, perfect lis. contain usually 6 

 hypogynous scales, usually 3 stamens, and 3 filiform 

 stigmas: nutlet sessile, 3 angled. The only species in 

 the Amer. trade is M. pandansefolia, Sander. Its nativity 

 is not given, and it is possible that it does not belong to 

 this genus ( see Gt. 46, p. 522 ) . The plant is represented 

 as pandanus-likc, ?,-^ ft. high, with long, narrow, grace- 

 ful, stitli-ili Iv-;. li.C. III. 21:349. Gt. 46, p. 523. In 

 European garden literature, M. lilcida, N. E. Brown, 

 and M. humilis, Vill. i trom Malaya), are also described. 



being the older name. It i- :im . r, ,■. ^i.. - ;„_• p!,,,it with 



oblong strong-ribbed lv^.. i n , ; ; ,. , .| ;i m long 

 petioles and taper into Ion- ' , ; . mi :_':.",."", 7. 



It is also known as Pa »(/. I// .;.;.. ".e II .,.;■,/,,/- . Hurt. 



MARANTA 



983 



other things by having 2 of the 3 locules in the fruit 

 empty. Most of the plants cultivated as Marantas are 

 Calatheas; and the true Marantas are treated the 

 same as those plants. These plants are often named be- 

 fore the flowers are known, and some of the following 

 plants may belong to the genus Calathea. 



A. Leaves green, pubescent beneath. 

 arundinacea, Linn Figs. 1370-71. Branched, 2-5 ft. 

 high, tuberous: Ivs. ovate-oblong and pointed: fls. 

 white in an open cluster, the upper lip roundish. Trop. 

 Amer. B. M. 2307. -One of the sources of arrow-root 

 (see Arrow-roof), the plant being often called Bermuda 

 Arrow-Root. The starch is obtained from the roots. It 

 thrives along the Gulf coast, although little cultivated. 

 There is a form with leaves variegated green and yellow. 

 AA. Leaves onrii. marked with strong, parallel light- 

 colvr.i! !'•■>.-. , .:', ;,./..!.; fror)i midrib towards Hiaj- 

 (jin 'If ' " ','nt7'al stripe, 



spl^ndida, I ' us: Ivs. 2 ft. or less long, 



large, oblong I eMi:,i, , \s nb base subcordate or some- 

 what cuneate, .sliort-acuniinate at apex, above shining 



1370. Maranta 



dinacea(XK). 



L. H. B. 



MAPLE. See Ac. 

 MAHANTA(B.M 



Flowering JIL.= Abutil<)n. 



Venetian botanist. died 1754). 

 ic-fcp. About 10 or 12 tropical Amen -an herbs, 

 lyallied to Calathea, butdistinguishe ' amongst 



AAA. Leaves blotched or banded with dark colors {some- 

 times contrasted with silvery colors). 

 imduUta, Lind. & Andre? (properly Calathia unduUta, 

 Regel). Six to 8 in. high, compact: Ivs. ovate-oblong, 

 the blade about 4 in. long, suljcordate and unequal at 



