TYPHOID PNEUMONIA. 233 



probably be from 15 to 20 per minute, and are very super- 

 ficial ; and if the thumb be suddenly forced between the ribs 

 of the chest, the animal -will emit a low, s'jppressed grunt, 

 which may be succeeded by a short fit of coughing. If the ear 

 be applied to the course of the windpipe, a faint mucous rale 

 will probably be detected ; while in the chest the respiratory 

 murmur may perhaps be suppressed, or heard but very faintly 

 on one side, and but partly on the other. 



Causes. — Typhoid Pneumonia never prevails except during 

 the prevalence of Epizootic Catarrh. It is the most malignant 

 and the most fatal in confined, closely-crowded, and ill-ventilated 

 etables. In such stables, this disease generally proves a direful 

 scourge. It is, as previously observed, very deceptive at the 

 commencement ; it begins so quietly, and progresses so insi- 

 diouslv. 



The ultimate causes of the malady are very obscure. It 

 may be that Epidemic Catarrh is the effect of some noxious 

 atmospheric agent being imbibed into the blood, during the 

 respiratory act, whereby the vital fluid becomes contaminated ; 

 which contamination, being aided by bad ventilation, over- 

 crowding of the stable, and other influences which depress the 

 vital system. Typhoid Pneumonia results. "Whether the above 

 be a true explanation or not, the fact of the disease being the 

 most prevalent and the most fatal in over-crowded and badly- 

 ventilated stables, is sufficient to impress upon every one the 

 necessity of good ventilation, and of not crowding too many 

 horses together, especially during the prevalence of epidemic 

 diseases. 



Complications. — It is seldom this disease confines its 

 ravages to the organs of the chest alone. In all cases it is 

 associated with Epizootic Catarrh. I have also found it asso- 

 ciated with asthenic inflammatory disease of the serous and 



