EUROPE. 75 



Hemisphere. Qeol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. iii. pp. 156-160, 215-218, 



and 249-253. 

 licfore the Huronian rocks were deposited large continents existed 

 in America and W. Europe. The Atlantic coasts of these sank first, 

 in Europe to 30,000, in America to over 18,000 feet, leaving mountains 

 as islands. Deposition was assisted by animal life and by volcanic 

 erui)tions, submarine at first, latterly subaerial (Wales and Cumber- 

 land). Local elevations at the close of the Bala period were followed 

 by gradual subsidence throughout the U. Silurian epoch. In the lattor 

 half of the Devonian period volcanic action and oscillations of level 

 produced in E. America and W. Europe continents with lakes and in- 

 land seas. The Carboniferous period also began with depression, vol- 

 canic action and elevation occurring later. The volcanic rocks of each 

 age occur in the areas of greatest depression. Some beds buried 

 50,000 feet are unaltered except where intersected by trap-dykes. As 

 to climate, the Laurentian limestone and graphite point to abundant 

 animal and (probably terrestrial) vegetable life. From geographical 

 considerations the climate must have varied from cold to mild, the 

 more equatorial fauna migrating northward when the conditions 

 favoured them. Development progressed most in the warmer lati- 

 tudes. Lines of migration coincide with those of greatest depression. 



W.H.D. 



Hicks, H. The Oldest Fossiliferous Rocks of Northern Europe. Geol, 

 Mag. dec. ii. vol. iii. p. 240. 



lleply to Prof. Linnarssou, whose evidence is claimed for instead of 

 against the author's views. Insists on the distinctness of the Harlech 

 and Menevian faunas. W. H. D. 



Hoernes, Dr. Rud. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss fossiler Binnen- 



faunen. [Freshwater (Tertiary) Fossils, &c.] Sitz. Tc. Ah. Wiss, 



Wien, math.-nat. CI. Abth. i. Bd. Ixxiv. Heft 1, pp. 7-34, plate. 



From freshwater beds near Renkiiii, Turkey, below the Sarmatian 



beds, the following new forms were obtained and are described : — Mela- 



nopsis acanthicoides, M. trojanci, Paludina Bectoris. The freshwat-er 



beds below the Sarmatian Mactra-limestonc are distinguished as the 



" pontic " stage, and those above as the " levantine " stage ; these occur 



near Constantinople. E. B. T, 



. Das Erzvorkommen am Mto. Avanza bei Forni Avoltri. — 



Bemerkungen uber die paliiozoischen Gesteine des Pnsterthales. 



[Ore Deposits of Monte Avanza near Forni Av^oltri. — raloeozoic 



Rocks of the Pusterthal.] Verh. k.-k. geol. liexclis. pp. ()0-66, 



2 figs, in text ; Italian translation in Boll. Ii, Com. geol, Jtal, t. vii. 



pp. 139-146. 



Monte Avanza is formed of Mountain Limestone, whilst the oro- 



bearing beds cropping out on its flank are Coal Measure shales: 



the Casanna beds. The latter are faulted against Vernicano (Per- 



