186 PHYSICAL GEOLOGY. 



Penning, W. H. Waste of Insular Land by the Sea. Geol. Mag. 



doc. ii. vol. iii. pp. 282-284. 

 Letter, with map of Heligoland in a.d. 800, 1300, and 1649. 600 

 sq. miles have been lost in 1076 years. 



Peschel, Oscar. Neue Probleme der vergleichendcn Erdkunde als 

 Versuch einer Morphologic der Erdoberflache. [Comparative 

 Geography, &c.] Ed. 2, pp. 21 ; 53 pis. 8vo. Leipzig. 

 The subjects treated are : — The formation of fjords ; origin of islands ; 

 fauna and flora of islands; geographical homologies; continents de- 

 pendent on mean depth of oceans ; position of mountains near edges of 

 continents ; rising and sinking of coasts ; changes since the Tertiary 

 epoch ; formation of deltas ; river beds and formation of valleys ; 

 origin of lakes, deserts, steppes, &c. E. E. T. 



Pilar, Dr. Gr. Ein Beitrag zur Erage iiber die Trsache dor Eis- 

 zeiten. [Causes of Glacial Epochs.] Agram. 



Rehearses evidence of glacial action in Europe, America, and Xew 

 Zealand, citing the subarctic fauna and flora of the prehistoric age in 

 W. Europe, and the lowering of temperature in historic times. Any 

 theory to be satisfactory must be cosmical, not local. Prefers CroU's 

 theory to Dr. Schmick's view, that solar attraction increases the volume 

 of the ocean in each hemisphere alternately. Gives a resume of other 

 theories. W. H. D. 



Eamsay, Prof. A. C. The Origin of Lake Basins. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. 

 vol. iii. pp. 136-138. 



A reply to Mr. Judd (see p. 183). The author never intended his 

 theory of the glacial erosion of lake-basins to be applied universally. 

 Some lakes are parts of old sea-bottoms ; some are dammed up by 

 Drift ; some are volcanic ; and some may be of unknown origin. His 

 theory applies to rock-basins in glaciated areas. E. D. 



Richardson, Ralph. The Ice Age in Britain, considered in Relation 

 to the Depth of the North Atlantic Ocean as determined by- 

 Recent and Earlier Deep-Sea Soundings. Pp. 19. 8vo. Edin- 

 burgh. 

 Describes the bed of the Atlantic, and the oscillations of Glacial 

 and Post-Glacial times in W. Europe. Suggests that in the Glacial 

 Period Europe and Greenland were united and the Gulf Stream di- 

 verted. W. H. D. 



Schmidt, Prof. Friedrich. On the Post-Glacial Period in Esthonia. 

 (St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists.) Nature, vol. xv. p. 88. 



Considers that Esthonia, Scandinavia, Finland, and Northern Russia 

 to Waldai plateau, were covered during the Glacial epoch by an ice- 

 sheet, after which there was a post-glacial submergence of Esthonia 

 to 60 feet beneath the sea, and of E. Sweden to 100-120 feet, while 

 in Einland marine clays do not occur above Q2 feet. C. E. R. 



