108 PLANTING STANDARDS. 



a growl will make him take to his heels; and if the 

 chain have once snapped, the report will serve for 

 the three next parishes at least during that year. 

 The trees thus defended from plunderers, or sub- 

 mitted to their discretion with a view to the defence 

 of such as are more valuable, need cause no hinder- 

 ance to the freedom of pasture ; as the pruning 

 knife will set the branches out of the reach of cattle, 

 and a handful of thorns, or a straw rope, about the 

 stem, till its strength be established, will be a suffi- 

 cient protection from rubbing or peeling, or that 

 venom, so deadly to trees, which unexpectedly re- 

 sides in the wool of sheep. 



Do not scruple then to plant a superabundance 

 of standard apples and pears in your garden, as they 

 will bear for a number of years without sensible in- 

 jury to the under crops: and when they begin to be 

 troublesome, and have gained considerable height, 

 part of them may be carefully lifted to the glebe; or 

 should the axe be laid to others it will only destroy 

 what at first cost a shilling or less, and that after a 

 bountiful return in the production of fruit. Besides, 

 it is no small pleasure to send a cart-load of such 

 trees to a friend who possesses a naked garden. 



Yet, though such redundant plantation be re- 

 commended, some part of the ground, in order to 

 have the best vegetables, where deep digging and 

 occasional trenching are requisite, should be kept 

 always entirely free from either root or branch of 

 standards. 



Espaliers, subjected to the low training, do not 



