UNITED STATES PUBLIC LAND SURVEYS 67 



fication of section corners. They are placed on the south 

 and east angles of the posts, one for each mile to the town- 

 ship boundary in the given direction. Quarter corners are 

 not notched; township corners are cut six times on each 

 face or angle. 



Equally serviceable are the bearing trees. These are 

 blazed rather close to the ground so that the stump can 

 be identified if the tree is cut down. The blazes face the 

 corner, and that on each tree at township or section corners 

 is plainly scribed with the township number and range and 

 that of the section in which it stands. Thus, T 10 S R 

 6 E S 24 B T (B T for bearing tree). 



There are several exceptions to the system of rectan- 

 gular surveying and the regular scheme of monuments 

 resulting therefrom, which it is necessary for the woodsman 

 to understand. 



1. Toimship and Section Corners on Standard Parallels. 



It will be noted after careful reading of the above that 

 township or section corners are common to four townships 

 or sections, with the exception of those on the standard 

 parallels which are four townships apart. Here the corners 

 for the townships north of the parallel are not the same as 

 for those south, but are further from the principal me- 

 ridian. The former are called "standard corners" and are 

 marked S C in addition to other marks placed on them for 

 their identification. In a similar way the corners relating 

 to land subdivisions lying south of the parallel are marked 

 C C, "closing corner." This last term is also applied in 

 other connections, as when a rectangular survey closes on 

 the boundary of a state, a reservation, or a previous land 

 claim, while occasions for its application have often been 

 found in connection with errors or departures from instruc- 

 tions in the system of surveying. 



2. Meander Lines and Corners. 



Ownership of considerable streams or lakes, with the 

 exception of certain "riparian rights," is not conveyed 

 with a land title, the legal limit being high-water mark, or 

 the line at which continuous vegetation ends and the sandy 



