48 MANUAL OF AMERICAN GRAPE-GROWING 



exposed by the cuts are then brought into contact with the 

 cambium tissues touching and are tied in place. The tops are 

 checked somewhat by breaking off some of the growth. The 

 following spring the Vinifera roots are cut off below the graft 

 and the top of the stock above the graft is removed." 



In the subsequent care of these young vines, the grower 

 must take time by the forelock and tie the grafts to suitable 

 stakes ; otherwise they are liable to be broken off at the union 

 by wind or careless workmen. Grafted vineyards must have 

 extra good care in all cultural operations, and even with the 

 best of care from 5 to 50 per cent of the grafts will fail or grow 

 so poorly as to make regrafting necessary, this being the most 

 unfavorable circumstance of field grafting. Regrafting is 

 done one joint lower than the first operation to avoid dead 

 wood ; this brings the union below the surface of the ground, 

 and the vineyardist must expect many cion roots to try his 

 patience. 



Vineyard grafting on the Pacific slope. 



Vineyard grafting, according to Bioletti, 1 was formerly the 

 commonest method of starting resistant vineyards in Cali- 

 fornia. After stating that it is best whenever possible to plant 

 good cuttings rather than roots, and that the grafting should 

 usually be done the year after planting, Bioletti gives the 

 following directions for grafting : 2 



"Wherever possible the vines should be grafted at or above 

 the surface of the ground. In many cases, however, it will 

 be necessary to go below the surface to find a smooth, suitable 

 part of the stock where grafting is possible. 



"The kind of graft to use will depend on the size of the stock. 

 For stocks up to f inch in diameter the methods of tongue and 

 wire grafting already described are the best. For larger vines 



1 Bioletti, Frederic T. Calif. Exp. Sta., Bui. 180: 135. 1906. 



2 Ibid., 136-138. 



