THE VINEYARD AND ITS MANAGEMENT 89 



saves the expense of staking. Tying requires some care and 

 is usually done with string or bast. As the summer proceeds, 

 suckers from the roots are removed and some growers thin the 

 shoots on the young vine ; some think it necessary also to top 

 the growth if it becomes too luxuriant and so keep the cane 

 within bounds. Suckers must be cut or broken off at the points 

 where they originate, otherwise several new ones may start 

 from the base of the old. If the vines are topped, it must be 

 kept in mind that summer pruning is weakening, and the tips 

 of shoots should, therefore, be taken when small, the object 

 being to direct the growth into those parts of the vine which 

 are to become permanent. 



Pruning, the second winter the vine is out, depends on the 

 vigor of the plant. If a strong, healthy, well-matured cane 

 over-tops the lower wire of the trellis, it should be cut back so 

 that the cane may be tied to the wire ; otherwise the vine should 

 again be cut almost to the ground, leaving but three or four 

 buds. If the cane be left, in addition to sturdiness and maturity, 

 it should be straight, for it is to become the trunk of the mature 

 vine. The training of the young vine is now at an end, for 

 the next season the vine must be started toward its permanent 

 form, instructions for which are given in the chapter on pruning. 



The summer care of the vineyard does not differ materially 

 in the second year from that of the first. Intensive cultivation 

 continues, the vines are treated for pests and the annual cover- 

 crop follows cultivation. Many varieties, if vigorous, will 

 set some fruit in this second summer, but the crop should not 

 be allowed to mature, the sooner removeo^ the better, as fruit- 

 ing at this stage of growth seriously weakens the young vines. 



CATCH-CROPS AND COVER-CROPS 



A catch-crop is one grown between the rows of another crop 

 for profit from the produce. A cover-crop is a temporary 



