TRAINING GRAPES IN EASTERN AMERICA 127 



" At the pruning for the fifth year one of the arms is cut away 

 entirely, close to the point of its origin. The remaining arm, 

 reaching from the ground to a point a few inches below the 

 level of the lower wire, now becomes the permanent stem. 

 The vineyardist must now provide for the arm cut away. 

 This is done by the selection of a cane, arising from the re- 

 maining arm at a point below the lower wire, either directly, 



FIG. 16. Chautauqua training ; vine ready to prune. 



or from a spur left for the purpose. This is pruned to reach 

 the top wire and is tied obliquely to it. This cane at the next 

 pruning is tied down to the lower wire and becomes the second 

 arm. Then the same selection of canes and spurs is made from 

 it as was made at the previous pruning, and the canes are tied 

 up as before. However, if the grower desires to retain both 

 arms of the preceding year for a few years, canes that have 

 grown from the spurs may be tied up and provision made for 

 the following year through further spurring. If but a single 



