TRAINING GRAPES IN EASTERN AMERICA 129 



development at or near the level of the upper wire, that on the 

 lower shoots is, as a rule, quite inferior. This comes from 

 the fact that the sap flow is more vigorous at these upper points, 

 resulting in more and healthier leaves, which, in turn, influence 

 the fruit for the better." 



Keuka High Renewal. 



Several methods of training pass under the general term 

 "High Renewal/' the significance of which becomes apparent 

 in the discussion of the Keuka High Renewal method which 

 is probably now the most common of the several types. In 

 most of these methods the trellis is put up with three wires, 

 but occasionally only two wires are used and still less often 

 four. The lowest wire on the three-wire trellis is eighteen or 

 twenty inches from the ground with twenty-inch intervals 

 between wires. Gladwin, who has direct charge of vineyard 

 experimental work about Keuka Lake for the New York 

 Agricultural Experiment Station, describes current practices 

 in pruning according to this method as follows : 



"At each pruning for the first two years the vines are cut 

 back to two buds. However, with strong-growing varieties 

 like Concord, Niagara and Isabella, and under good soil con- 

 ditions, the stem may be formed the second year. With moder- 

 ate-growing varieties and under average conditions, the forma- 

 tion of the stem is left until the third year. The straightest 

 and best-matured cane is left for the purpose. This is carried 

 to the lower wire and there firmly tied with willow. As soon 

 as the shoots have made sufficient growth they are loosely tied 

 to the wires that they may be kept away from the tillage tools. 

 The fourth year the head of the vine is formed. This should 

 stand a few inches below the lower wire. Two canes grow- 

 ing from the stem near this position are selected, one being 

 tied to the right and the other to the left along the lower wire. 

 In the Keuka Lake District, the canes are tied with willows. 



