TRAINING GRAPES IN EASTERN AMERICA 131 



growing varieties, or those situated on poor soils, where but 

 little wood growth is made. It is ideally adapted for the 

 growing of Catawba on the hillsides of Keuka Lake. It is 

 well adapted to late-maturing varieties planted out of their 

 zone. Concord, growing under average conditions, is too 

 vigorous to be trained by this method. It makes a tremendous 

 growth of wood out of all proportion to the quantity of fruit, 

 which is inclined to be very inferior. The chief objection to 

 this method is the amount of summer tying involved which 

 comes at a time when attention to tillage should be given. 

 It might prove profitable in the growing of dessert varieties 

 that have been discarded because of lack of vigor. On thin 

 hillside soils, Catawba requires training modelled after this 

 method but on the heavier upland ones, with shorter pruning, 

 it can be grown on the Chautauqua Arm plan. Delaware, 

 lona, Dutchess, Campbell, Eumelan, Jessica, Vergennes and 

 Regal are, as a rule, grown to better advantage when trained 

 by the High Renewal method." 



Fan-training. 



The only other method now in use in which the shoots may 

 be trained upright is that in which the canes are disposed of 

 in fan-shape. This method was much used a generation ago 

 but is rapidly becoming obsolete. In fan-training the renewals 

 are made yearly from spurs near the ground, and the fruiting 

 canes are carried up obliquely and so form a fan. The great 

 advantage in fan-training is that a trunk is almost dispensed 

 with, which greatly facilitates laying down the vine in winter 

 where winter-protection is needed. There are several objec- 

 tions to this method in commercial plantations. The chief 

 one is that the spurs become long, crooked and almost un- 

 manageable so that renewals from the root must be made 

 frequently. Another is that the fruit is borne close to the ground 

 and becomes soiled with mud in dashing rains. The vines, 



