144 MANUAL OF AMERICAN GRAPE-GROWING 



ground and supported by posts ; and (2) the upright or vertical 

 system, in which the growth is spread over a trellis. 



"In the overhead system a single trunk is caused to grow 

 erect from the ground alongside a permanent post. When 

 the vine has reached the top of the post it is pinched in or cut 

 back, so as to make it throw out shoots to grow and spread out 

 from the head of the vine as the spokes of a wheel radiate from 



FIG. 21. Rotundlfolia vines trained by the overhead method. 



the hub. (The overhead training of Muscadines is shown in 

 Fig. 21; upright training, in Fig. 22.) 



" In the upright systems the fruiting arms are either radiated 

 from a low vine head, like the ribs of a fan, or they are taken 

 off as horizontal arms from a central vertical trunk. 



"Where the vineyard is not given close personal attention 

 and pruning and other vineyard practices are neglected the 

 best results will be obtained with the overhead trellis. More- 

 over, such a trellis permits cross-plowing and cultivation and 



