GRAPE PESTS AND THEIR CONTROL 213 



part of July feed on the foliage until autumn and then seek win- 

 ter quarters, passing the winter in the adult stage under fallen 

 leaves, in dead grass or other similar protection. The hibernat- 

 ing place must be dry and for this reason sandy knolls are most 

 favored by the insects. The adults emerge in the warm days of 

 spring and then seek food first on the strawberry, then migrate 

 to red and black raspberries or blackberries, if raspberries are not 

 present. They remain upon these hosts until the grape leaves 

 expand and then migrate to these to feed, lay their eggs and die. 

 Three methods of control are in use to prevent the ravages 

 of the leaf-hopper: avoiding the planting of raspberries near 

 grapes; spraying with contact insecticides; and the destruc- 

 tion of hibernating places. Since the leaf-hoppers feed espe- 

 cially on the raspberry before the leaves of the grape have 

 expanded in the spring, avoiding planting these two plants 

 near each other is a very effective method of control. The 

 contact spray must touch the body of the insect and must,, 

 therefore, be applied before the nymphs develop wings. The 

 best spray is a half pint of Black Leaf 40 to a hundred gallons 

 of water or bordeaux mixture. It is applied to the under side 

 of the foliage by a trailing hose or by an automatic grape leaf- 

 hopper spray devised by F. Z. Hartzell and described in bulletin 

 344 of the New York Experiment Station. The destruction 

 of hibernating places is almost as effective a method of control 

 as spraying. All weeds and strong-stalked grasses which die 

 in the fall and all rubbish in the vineyard should te destroyed. 

 It is quite worth while, also, to burn leaves and rubbish in 

 fence rows and waste places near infested vineyards in the 

 autumn or early winter. Cover-crops which remain green 

 during the winter do not harbor the leaf-hoppers. 



The grape-berry moth. 



This pest is widely distributed, attacking the grape wherever 

 grown in North America. The insect feeds on all varieties 



