GRAPE PESTS AND THEIR CONTROL 223 



treatment recommended for black-rot. When black-rot is 

 not prevalent, two sprays with bordeaux mixture are recom- 

 mended ; the first in early July and the second about two weeks 

 later. On the Pacific coast, however, powdery-mildew or 

 "oidium" as it is often called there, the name coming from 

 Europe, is more cheaply and more successfully combated by 

 dusting with flowers of sulfur. Dusting is often done by hand 

 or with perforated cans but this is wasteful and uncertain, and 

 any one of several sulfur-sprayers may be used which does the 

 work better. 



Anthracnose. 



Another widespread disease is anthracnose (Sphaceloma ampe- 

 linum), called " bird s-eye-rot"* because of the peculiar spots 

 produced on the affected fruits, which attacks leaves, shoots 

 and fruits of the vine. It first appears on the leaves in small, 

 irregular, dark brown sunken spots with a dark margin. Later 

 it appears on the fruits, having much the same appearance 

 though the spots are usually larger and more sunken, the disease 

 being most characteristic on the fruit, however. Frequently 

 two or more spots unite and so cover the greater part of the 

 berry. The fruits become hard, more or less wrinkled, and the 

 diseased area often ruptures, exposing the seed, much as with 

 powdery-mildew. The spores of the fungus are produced 

 in great numbers on diseased areas during the growing season 

 and are borne on thread-like filaments which live through- 

 out the winter in the tissues of the vine and are ready for 

 new growth in the spring. Winter-spores have not yet been 

 discovered. 



Anthracnose is widely distributed in eastern America but 

 seldom causes great or general loss, most of the commercial 

 grapes being relatively immune to the disease. A few sorts 

 rather commonly grown in home vineyards, as Diamond, 

 Brighton and Agawam, suffer most from anthracnose. Spray- 



