308 MANUAL OF AMERICAN GRAPE-GROWING 



must be noted. Coming to the berry, size, shape, color, bloom, 

 adherence of stigma to the apex and adhesion of fruit to the 

 pedicel are all of value. Difference in adherence of the skin to 

 the pulp separates European from all American grapes. The 

 thickness, toughness, flavor and pigment of the skin have more 

 or less value. The color, firmness, juiciness, aroma and flavor 

 of the flesh, as well as its adherence to seed and skin, are val- 

 uable marks in describing grapes. All species and varieties are 

 well distinguished by the time of ripening and by keeping 

 quality. The color of the juice is a plain and certain dividing 

 line between some species and many varieties. 



The seed. 



Beak: The narrow prolonged base of the seed. 

 Hilum : The scar left where the seed was attached to the seed-stalk. 

 Chalaza: The place where the seed-coats and kernel are connected. 

 Raphe : The line or ridge which runs from the hilum to the chalaza. 



Seeds are accounted of much value in determining species. 

 The size and weight of seed differ greatly in different species, 

 as they do also in varieties of any one species. Thus, of native 

 grapes, Labrusca has the largest and heaviest seeds and Vul- 

 pina has the smallest seed, while those of ^Estivalis are of 

 medium size and weight. The shape and color of seed offer 

 distinguishing marks, while the size, shape and position of the 

 raphe and chalaza furnish very certain marks of distinction in 

 some species. 



THE GENUS VITIS 



The genus Vitis belongs to the vine family (Vitacese) in which 

 most botanists also put the wood-vines (Ampelopsis), of which 

 Virginia creeper is the best-known plant. The genus Cissus, 

 to which belong many southern climbers, is combined with 

 Vitis by some botanists. Vitis is separated from Ampelopsis 

 and Cissus by marked differences in several organs, of which, 



