306 ANTHRAX. 



gastric juice for a long period of time. They are often used 

 as test objects by which the action of germicides is judged. For 

 this purpose an emulsion is made by scraping off a surface 

 culture and rubbing it up in a little sterile water. Into this 

 sterile silk threads are dipped, which, after being dried over 

 strong sulphuric acid in a desiccator, can be kept for long 

 periods of time in an unchanged condition. For use they are 

 placed in the germicidal solution for the desired time, then 

 washed with water to remove the last traces of the reagent and 

 laid on the surface of agar or placed in bouillon, in order that if 

 death has not occurred growth may be observed. 



Anthrax in Animals. Anthrax occurs from time to time 

 epidemically in sheep, cattle, and, more rarely, in horses and 

 deer. These epidemics are found in various parts of the world, 

 although they are naturally most far-reaching where legal pre- 

 cautions to prevent the spread of infection are non-existent. 

 All the countries of Europe are from time to time visited by the 

 disease, but in some it is much more common than in others. 

 In Britain the death-rate is small, but in France the annual 

 mortality among sheep was probably 10 per cent of the total 

 number in the country, and among cattle 5 per cent. These 

 figures, however, have been largely modified by the system of pre- 

 ventive treatment which will be presently described. In sheep 

 and cattle the disease is specially virulent. An animal may 

 suddenly drop down, with symptoms of collapse, quickening of 

 pulse and respiration, and dyspnoea, and death may occur in 

 a few minutes. In less acute cases the animal is apparently 

 out of sorts, and does not feed ; its pulse and respiration are 

 quickened ; rigours occur, succeeded by high temperature ; there 

 is a sanguineous discharge from the bowels, and bloody mucus 

 may be observed about the mouth and nose. There may be 

 convulsive movements, there is progressive weakness, with cyano- 

 sis, death occurring in from twelve to forty-eight hours. In the 

 more prolonged cases widespread oedema and extensive enlarge- 

 ment of lymphatic glands are marked features ; and in the glands, 

 especially about the neck, actual necrosis with ulceration may 

 occur, constituting the so-called anthrax carbuncles. Such 

 subacute conditions are especially found among horses, which 

 are by nature not so susceptible to the disease as cattle and 

 sheep. 



