pumila).- 

 a tree, at- 



• branchlets 

 and coated 



•iug the first 

 oarsely serrate at 



CHESTNUT 



Common or Tree Chinqiuipiii (Cii 

 Fig. 434. A sbrub 4 or 5 fct tall. 

 taining a height of 50 feci, wiili 

 marlted with numerous iiiirinir In 

 with a pale tomentum, whiili disaiipi 

 winter. Leaves oblong, acute and 



apex, bright yellowish green, changing to dull yellow 

 before failing in autumn. Flowers strong-sraelling, the 

 catkins of staminate ones appearing with the unfolding 

 leaves in May or June, the spicate, androgynous aments 

 later, with pistillate flowers in spiny involucres, produc- 

 ing solitarj , cj lindrical nuts "4 to 1 inch in length and 

 % inch in diametei, with sweet seeds This species oc 

 ■ ■ ■ ' ■ " ns^h miatoFloridi 



American Chestnut, are e t i 



in consideiable quantities \ | 

 tween this species and the \i 1 

 of hybrid origin are report t 1 li 

 in Virginia and Tennessee This 

 arboiescent proportions in southti 

 ern Texas The shrub form is s| 



regions I lit It 



It pionii I I I tl 



the trotil I 1 It 1 



or stoli 

 published 



I 11 NcdLbLstmits 

 lis purpose, but has 

 p numerous suckers 

 lie Fuller has been 

 ra the Nut Culture 



Fig 4 1 I 



bulletin of the U ^ 1 1 I t t \ 1 



Bush Chinquai 1 Iiiifoha) -A shrub, 



rarely more than ) tt 1 1 It t lining small thickets, 

 by means of stolons in sin Ij Inircns bouth AtUntic 

 states, westward to Lousiana and Arkansas Distin 

 guished from C punnla by liiger ovUlinn late 

 mosth obtuse leaves, which aie 1 it sli^hth t m iitose 

 beneath and by its larger nut ■v% 1 1 1 1 j 1 1 1 



The cultural range of C 1 t 1 \ t will 



defined, but extends from 111 II M i 



chusetts and Wisconsin an 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 he 



3 species cultivated m Amcii i thii I t u di}, 

 rocky or gravelly ridges or silicious uf 1 mds f uhng on 

 hea\ J claj s and on limestone soils unless deep, dry 

 and rich 



Propagation of species is by seeds Certain t\pes re 

 produce their striking characteristics in their seedlings, 

 but varieties are perpetuated by grafting; occasionally 

 by budding. Seeds for planting should be free from in- 

 sect larvffi, and should not be allowed to dry out before 

 planting. They may be planted in dfills in fall on deep 

 and well-di-ainiMl Inaiii, or, to avoid damage by rodents, 

 may be stratilii-<l in ilamp sand until si, ring. Nuts held 

 in cold storage at 1.",° K. fn.iii (ii-tcil.cr to April have 



germinated well at \\'asliiiit 



tined for removal t tIkii 



nursery at one y 



ment of root sy 



the species of 



notably the Chesimii ii.i , >/ : > I 



durablity of graft- 1 : ; 



the Chestnut is 11, _. 



proved varieties ai-o i|in.ki> -> .un d 



and removing the timlicr and graliing 



which spring up in abundance about th( 



'. Young trees des- 

 1 be transplanted in 

 yrametrical develop- 

 y be done on any of 

 some of the oaks, 



/■. ^.though the 



iiiililc. Where 



s of im- 

 ing down 

 g sprouts 

 _ . It stumps 



(Fig. 435). Recently the Chinquapin has been similarly 

 used with good success where Chestnut does not occur. 

 Grafting may be by splice method on 1-year-oId seedling 

 roots ; by splice or cleft at crown on 2- or 3-year trees in 

 place ; or by veneer, splice or cleft methods on 1- to 

 3-year-old sprouts or branches. Top-working of old 

 trees is uncertain and only practiced in special cases. 

 Cions should be dormant, and work may be done at any 

 time after freezing ceases, but in trunk and branch 

 grafting best results are obtained by most grafters if 

 work is done alter leaves begin to unfold. Two- or 

 3-bud cions are preferred. The fitting of cion to cleft 

 or splice and the waxing should be carefully done. 

 If strips of waxed muslin are wrapped about the stubs 

 the danger of loss by summer cracking of wax is 

 lessened. In cleft-grafting young sprouts or seedlings, 

 the stub should be cut 2 or 3 inches above the depar- 

 ture of a branch, to prevent too deep splitting of 

 cleft. Two or three weeks after growth begins the wax- 

 ing should be inspected and repaired if cracked. If 



CHESTNUT 295 



grafts make rank and brittle growth they should be 

 checked by pinching, and if in exposed situations, tied 

 to stakes to prevent breaking out of cions. Budding 

 is sometimes practiced, usually by use of dormant buds 

 inserted in shoots of previous year, when the bark 

 "slips " after growth has begun in spring. 



The Chestnut is admirably adapted to ornamental 

 planting, either singly or in groups on suitable soils. 

 The native species is successfully used as a roadside 

 tree in many sections outside of its natural range. It re- 

 quires a space of at least 40 feet for development when 

 thus used , the European species 30 feet and the 

 Japanese 20 feet If m orchard, the last mentioned may 

 be planted as cljse as 20 feet and thinned when the 

 t> lot \ 1 thus securing several crops of 



11 1 1 111 I rwise unoccupied 



' ^1 t 1 ''1 1 1 s —Planted orchards are -set few in 

 Vm, 11 1 11 t I I \t(iisi%( , nimeiti a t ft. rts hav- 

 ing consist 111 , , h lands 

 where the \ ( lu such 

 lands no cul | ud un- 

 desired spi it I II I I ml cut- 

 ting m sumiuei 1 1 1 v 1 isturin^ witii shiii Much care 



434 Chinquapin Nut md bur u itur d size, 

 first few years ib probably best in planted orchards,' 

 though heavy mulching may be toun<l a satisfactory 

 substitute The Japanese and some of the American 

 varieties of the European species require thinning of 

 the burs on young trees to avoid over-bearing, with its 

 consequent injury to the vitality of the tree. 



Leaf diseases are apparently subject to control by 

 Bordeaux mixture, but for the weevils, which dam- 

 age the nuts previous to maturity, no satisfactory rem- 

 edy has yet been discovered. 



