CINCHONA 



and its varieties Ledgerinna and verde ; "Carthagena 

 bark," from C.luncifolia; "Columbian bark," from C. 

 cordifolia and C. lancifolia ; "Gray bark," from C. 

 micrantha, C. nilida and C. Peruviana. 



Certain alkaloids, namely, quinine, quinidine, cincho- 

 nine and cinchonidine, occur in these barks in varying 

 quantities in different species. Tiie^e alkaloi.is possess 

 powerful antiperiodic, tonic and aiifi-^.i'fi'- v'""!"'''''^ 

 In the barks there are also quim.vi.' ainl ..th. r ari.N. 

 and other substances possessiu;; :t~Ti-iiii:'iir pfi-p. iilr^ 

 which render them useful in ivrtaiii ca^.s. where the 

 alkaloids have failed to ^'i\ <• i-elii i. 



The bark was introdue.'.l ihm i;iirMpe iu 1640, by the 

 Countess of Chinchon. wile ..f tie \ i.eroy of Peru; 

 hence it was called Couiitesv- puwiler aud Peruvian 

 bark, and also Jesuits' bark, from the knowledge of it 

 spread by that religious order. The word quinine is de- 

 rived from the name by which it was known in Peru, 

 quinaquina, or "bark of barks." 



Dr. Ainslie, at the end of tlie eicrl-.tpeiith century, and 

 Dr. Forbes Rovie, in his w.nk e,, lliinalayan botany in 

 1839, advocated the intro.lu.th.n ei the trees into India. 

 At length, in 1859, Clement- Markhain was entrusted by 

 the government of India witli tiie task of collecting 

 plants and seeds on the Andes, and establishing them 

 in India. In his book "Peruvian Bark : a popular ac- 

 count of the introduction of Cinchona cultivation into 

 British India," Markham recounts the difficulties in S. 



CINCHONA 



317 





and is now extending its own cultivation with seed 

 procured from Jamaica. In Ceylon the cultivation was 

 altuLTetlier ill private hands, and has been abandoned for 

 tea. In .la\a. the Dutch have been most successful, as 

 tlie vaiietv /,. r/,,, ,i((,ia, which is very rich in quinine, 

 is pariieuhirly well suited to the climate. In Jamaica, 

 the i.'.iveniiiieiit jihitifatiniis haH realise,] )n- sales from 

 Issii ti. iss7. !, I , :ii,.iiit ss-,,eii,i , , ;ie,i t],,-!! the pHce 



.Ap'iri.al. I'.,,;.',,,,-.."-, h:i. I . .1 ,. : ;'i ••'1-hly natur- 



tive home. 



Culture. — The seedlings maybe raised either in boxes 

 or in beds. The boxes should not be more than 3 or 4 

 in. deep. Three-quarter-inch drainage holes should bo 

 made in the bottom, about 6 in. apart. Whitewash the 

 boxes or dust them inside with lime. Put pieces of 

 broken iiower-pots over the drainage holes, and cover 

 the bottom with gravel to a depth of 1 in. The soil 

 should be made up of one-third leaf-mold, one-third 

 good soil and one-third fine river gravel. These should 

 be thoroughly mixed and passed through a quarter- 

 inch sieve. Fill the boxes to within one-quarter of 

 an inch of the top, and slightly water. Sow the seed 

 evenly, and sprinkleover it some of the sifted soil, only 

 just covering it. The boxes should be under shade; 

 sheltered from rain, and watered every day with a verj 

 fine spray from a watering can. The seedlings will ap- 

 pear above the ground in 3 or 4 weeks. If the seeds are 

 sown in beds, they require the protection of a roof slop- 

 ing south, and supported by posts 4 ft. 6 in. high on the 

 north, and 3 ft. 3 in. on the south side. The sides may 

 also have to be covered in. The breadth of the beds is 

 3 ft., and these should be made up of soil as for the 

 boxes. The roof projects beyond the south posts suffi- 

 ciently to keep off direct sunlight, and in the summer 

 time, at any rate, a narrow north roof must be added at 

 right angles. If the sheds are built under the shade of 

 tall trees that keep off direct sunlight, the roof 



needed for shelter frc 

 solely for that purpose, 

 convenient eist and i>e 

 -J ^2-3 ft on either side 

 When the seedlmg', ari 



and can be constructed 

 The shed may run as tar as 

 It, and others may be added 



for s, 



In 



poi 



\ s, ,.llll 



idli biou 



Jit fre 



nth th. 



^.^ 



thi luht hiu.l I 1, , 1 I . t 11 



ive the routs without beudin„ oi ciushm^ thtiu Iht 



oil is tlieu pressed clo-eh OMi the rootlets with the 



)eg Two inches between eai h plant is tnough 



ooni At tirst the plants should be shaded, but when 



hey are twice orthriceas high as when transplanted, 



'° the shading may be gradually removed to harden 



/ them for putting out in their permanent positions 



The sell and subsoil should be free and open to 

 1 1 1 11 wh .1, II, d f .i.stliiid. na 



Amer. and his final success. The object of the go% em 

 ment was to put it within the power of the poorest na 

 tive to purchase a dose, and this aim has been accom- 

 plished. At any post office in India, a 5-grain dose may 

 be bought for three pice (IH farthings). The gov 

 emment not only uses bark from its own plantations, 

 but buys bark from Cinchona planters at a good price. 



, and "w ith a total annual rainfall of 



111 n planted out m then permanent 



I \ ^, and as soon as they begin to in- 

 ther's growth, they should be thinned 



I I \ at first to prevent this. The bark of 



i\ be worth stripping if the price of 



In t ikiii-' thi liaik from the trees, there are several 

 methciils thit ba-se been used. In S. Amer. the tree is 

 uprooted and the whole of the bark may be taken from 

 both roc t and strm V second plan is used if shoots 

 spring Ire in f' i t f'le trmik is PMt throiieh above 



the grOlIIl i I ' !-a,,.J i.tkI Tie- -lUlliji hft tO 



coppice 1 ~ .,,,,, ,i t,i -row. 



The third i ,^ , ; , -. . ;,iel,l l.ark 



in succi ssn r, r ihi- [airp-.-.' h.ni;itnilinal 



layers of the 1. u k m i, moved from the trunk, and the 

 exposed surface is sometimes covered with moss; the 

 bark renews itself, and the "renewed bark" is as rich or 



