like odor, and it has become the type of the great order 

 Caryophyllacese, which, however, is far removed botani- 

 cally from the Myrtacese. The word " gillitiower " is' a 

 corruption of caryophyllus, and. nntil Shalsespeare'stime 



the expanded flower (2). 



and after, was applied to the carnation, but now-a-days 

 it usually refers to several cruciferous plants of the 

 genus Cheiranthus and Matthiola. 



CLUB MOSS. See Lijcopodium. 



CNlCUS (Greek, knizein, to injure). Comp6sitce. 

 Thistle. A genus of perhaps 200 species, containing 

 many much-hated weeds, especially the common Thistle, 

 C. lanceolatus, and the Canada Thistle, C.arvensis, Fig. 

 501. About a dozen species have been slightly culti- 

 vated in rockeries and wild gardens. The genus Chamee- 

 peuce, now referred to Cnicus, contains 3 plants slightly 

 used abrond in ^iihtr.ipifal and carpet bedding: C.Afer, 

 C. CfiS"'-)"'. :iihI '•. />/ncaH^7i«, which are cult, for 

 their ru>itt. ^ ,,| inn kly Ivs. The fls. appear the second 

 year. I'. I- h< <lirt,i.< is an old name of the Blessed Th' 

 tie, for which su^- Carhenia. 



COBBETT 



was a pamphlet entited," Observations on Dr. Priestlys 

 Emigration," a bitter attack on the French Revolution. 

 He took the loyalist side in American politics, and is re- 

 garded as the founder of the American party press. 

 His attack on Benjamin Rush, the leadinf; pliysiciun of 

 Philadelphia, for his advocacy of unlimii' .!' 1.1^ ^ dinji 

 for yellow-fever, resulted in a libi-1 -i, _-,-i 



of $5,000, which nearly ruined Cobb. 1 1 , ^ ,, t,, 



England in June. 1800. In 1802 li. i _ : , it's 



Weekly Political Rp!ri"tf-r,"wbifh li.. ,.ii:..; i.,i .„; , , ars, 

 and until his deatli, .>., .,t ,Im,,i,_. i.ival of im- 

 prisonment and a -< .1 t.. Xm.rica. His 

 real work was doiiii - : 1 1 . ■ n.ulation and 

 influence of his j..ini,,il i.r. )i,:,„.nv,. In 1801-2 he 

 reprinted his American writinifs in 12 volumes, entitled, 

 "Porcupine's Works." After 1804 he usually lived on 

 his farm at Botley, in Hampshire, where he conducted 

 many experiments. In 1817 he was again compelled to 

 leave England, and for the next two years he lived in 

 America. His life was one incessant conflict. He lived 

 to see the reform of 18.S2, and his work was fittingly re- 

 warded bv a place in Parliament, but he was then too 



old to dr 

 thereafti 



limity. Id - ■ . _ , , , , • ,a- 



Gramraar" i London, K^isi. written from Long Islanil in 

 the form of letters to his 15-year-old son, was said by 

 Bulwer Lytton to be the only amusing grammar in the 

 world, flazlitt declared that it is as interesting as a 

 story-book, and Alfred Ayers, in his admirable edition 

 ( New York, 18831, declares that it is probably the most 

 nadat.li- grammar ever written, and that for purposes of 

 s.lf . cincatinn it is unrivalled. (For a list of Cobbett's 



ings 



•ThfW, 



ter.' " These 100 volumes, of course, do not take into 

 account his non-political writings, nor his editorial work 

 in the 36 volumes of "Cobbett's Parliamentarv History 

 of England from the Norman Conquest, in 1066, to the 

 year 1803" (continued as Hansard's Parliamentary De- 

 bates), nor Cobbett's Complete Collection of State 

 Trials (afterwards known as Howell's), nor many other 

 works which he either edited, translated, or published. 

 The anti-Cobbett literature is exceedingly voluminous, 

 and almost every charge has been made against the 

 man. except that of being ujiinteresting. According 

 to Henry Cabot Lodge (whose masterly appreciation in 

 "Studies in History" I Boston, 1885), should be consulted 

 by the student immediately after direct contact with 

 Cobbett's writings), Cobbett's true value is understood 

 by his thoroughly representative character as a type 

 of his tinii- and jir. .],!.■. As historical documents, his 

 works are in'li-p<ii-;iMf. 



Cobbett's liiiit; ■iiliiiiMl wiitiiiL- of chief interest to us 

 are "Cottaj:.- Kronomv, A V. ar's Residence in the 

 United States of Aiin-ru-a. and, most of all "The Ameri- 

 can Gardener" (1821), wliich was reproduced with con- 

 siderable modifications as "The English Gardener," in 



COBBETT, ■WILLIAM (1762-1835). The once 

 famous English author had two periods of en- 

 forced residence in America, and wrote "The 

 American Gardener," which is one of the spiciest 

 books in the whole history of American horti- 

 culture. Plate II. He was of thorough Saxon 

 ancestry, and while a gardener's lad and during 

 eight years of militarj' service, made strenuous efforts at 

 self-education. In 1792 his personal liberty was endan- 

 gered by the publication of "The Soldier's Friend" (an 

 appeal for an increase of pay), and he came to Phila- 

 delphia in the autumn of that year. His first success 





501. Leaf of Canada Thistle (X S)- 



London, 1827. The American edition of Wm. Forsyth's 

 excellent "Treatise on the Culture and Management of 

 Fruit Trees." was published at New York and Phila- 

 delphia in 1802. and in Albany in 1803, and was one of 

 the most influential books on fruit growing in the 



