388 



COTYLEDON 



Saunders' Ref. Bot. 05. 



sessile, cuneate-ohovate, thick, flattened, slightly eon- 

 cave, cuspidat.- : p:iiii.-Ie branches long, .scorpioid: Hs. 

 large, 1 in. I^ni;. pi uilmt ; calyx lobes short, broadly 

 ovate-aoutr: ,(ii,,lhi n 1 1. .■ much longer than the calyx, yel- 

 low-green !iihI .iull 11,1; corolla-lobes reflexed. S. Afr. 

 B.M. M(r>. J. 11. lll.:J'.l:443. 



orbicul4ta, Linn. Plant erect, 2-4 ft. high: Ivs. 

 opposite, flat, obovate-spatulate, obtuse, mucronate, 

 glaucous and mealv, with red margins : fls. large, reddish, 

 panicled. Fls. June-Sept. S. Afr. B.M. 321. R.H. 

 1857, p. 347.-Grows well from cuttings. 



Hisp&nica, Linn. {Pistorlnia Bispdnica, DC). An- 

 nual or biennial, branched, 6 in. high, erect: Ivs. small, 

 nearly cylindrical, oblong, few, sessile : fls. erect, in 

 cymes, reddish; corolla trumpet-shaped, lobes spread- 

 ing. Spain, Morocco. R.H. 1895, p. 472. 



AAA. Lvs. croivded at the ends of the branches. 



reticulata, Thunb. Stems much-branched, fleshy : 

 lvs. few at the ends of the branches, cylindrical, acute, 

 erect, fleshy, soft, smooth: fls. in an erect, dichotomous 

 panicle. The wiry fl. -stalks remain on the plant and give 

 it the appearance of being enclosed in a network. G.C. 

 m. 21:282. 



gibbifldra, Moc. (Echeviria gibbifldra, DC). Stems 

 1-2 ft. high: lvs. flat, wedge-shaped, acutely mucronate, 

 crowded at the ends of the branches : fls. short-petioled : 

 panicle branches 1-sided, spreading; corolla gibbous at 

 the base between the calyx lobes, the tube white, the 

 tips touched with crimson. Hex. B.R. 1247. 



Var. met^llica, Hort. {Echereria metallica, Hort.). 

 Lvs. large, obovate-spatulate, C in. wide by 7 in. long, a 

 beautiful glaucous purple with metallic reflections: fls. 

 yellowish with red tips. 1 

 An excellent lieiMins; iilai 



The t'lilli..'. ' •■ -11. • .i.,mMi: 

 Hort. s: 



Tex. all .■. • r 



Hort. Aniiu.M, uiii: M 'I...,, ; 



C. atropiir/nireii, iiakiT 

 titsa. Baker, have beea cat;.: 

 has red fls. and dark punili 

 ish Qs. and glaucous green n 



COUCH GRASS. Agropyrum repens. 



COVER-CROPS. The use of Cover-crops in orchard- 

 inL' niaik^ ,■! ^|.ei-ific advance brought about by changed 



I 1 ' - The term is less than 10 vears old, hav- 



' 111 ,1 ( applied in this connection by Bailey, in 

 r 'I I 'rnell(N. Y.) Experiment Station, p. 333, 



I ii 1 11 111 . I -I ;, f hough Cover-crops were used previous 

 to that date. In the early days of orcharding in this 

 country, the soil, rich in humus and undepleted of its 

 natural resources, gave satisfactory crops of fruit with 

 trees growing in sod. As time went on, the waning 

 vigor of the trees was stimulated l. i... .,;,ln_' up the 

 sod, adding barnyard manure to il . i ' -■i\ing 



thorough cultivation throughout 11 lli- sys- 



tem gave unsatisfactory results in i I :-..iM 1-, par- 



ticularly in the north, as it rip:.. ... i.. piv.eiit the 



trees from ripeim / 'in >■ ^ I . mly to enable 



them to endure ;' r injury to the 



tips; root-killiiiL.' ., , i ,.: ...,. occasionally 



severe on soils nn..-,.; nm during the^ 



winter. About tliis tiiu. : i.i- members of 



the pea and bean tribe, a < i . -: i . iln- soil, became 

 recognized more fully til, II iimr.gh the dis- 



covery of the nitrogen-ci'lli : : - i housed in the 

 nodules borne by the roi.i - i : i i. The best or- 

 chard practice of the pn ~ i r in the peach- 

 growing areas of the s.ur : : i.h- districts of 

 the north, consists in ^'i\iii^ :li. mn-i ihorough culti- 

 vation possible during the iio.jii-|.ro.iaeing period of 

 the \ear. — that is, till about the time the fruit trees' 

 t. rininalliiiiN are formed,— then seeding this thoroughly 

 pnhi ri;:e.l surface with a suitable Cover-crop, which 

 is plow.a under early the following spring. 



Cover-cropping is the raising of a crop in the orchard 

 after cultivation should cease (about midsummer), that 

 will protect the roots of the trees by preventing alternate 

 freezing and thawing and deep freezing of the ground; 



COWPEA 



that will add something to the fertility of the soil when 



turiii '! iih'li I 111 -pring; that will improve the physical 

 eoh'ii I. ' 1' . nil; that will occupy the ground to the 

 ex.: I-. In the south the considerations are 



]n-: iral, except that the contingency of 



There ale two classes of Cover-crops: the nitrogenous 

 and the non-nitrogenous. Of the latter, rye, buck- 

 wheat, oats, millet, com (maizel. ra]io and turnips are 

 principally used. These plants shouhl hi- sown much later 

 in the season than the clovers, i . pi a- m n:.-.t nitrogen- 

 ouscovers. They are valuable ■ I- ' . il il i- hard and 

 tough in texture, as advance aj. i ■ - imeswhich 

 may be used when an improveil ph;. -i. il Iition is se- 

 cured. Buckwheat is particularly useful m ameliorat- 

 ing hard soils. It should not be sown early enough to 

 allow seed to form before frost. These add compara- 

 tively little nitrogen to the soil. Among nitroeenous 

 Cover-erops, erinison clover, red clover, cowpeas, soy 

 bean- I 1 I i 111 iiikI vetch are the most prominent. In 

 til. . . .'i i-lover and cowpea (of which there 

 an I are much in vogue. Cowpeas are un- 

 sati-ia. I. 1 \ . la.iver, north of the peach belt, owing to 

 their sensitiveness to light autumn frosts. In apple- 

 growing sections where the soil is mellow, red clover 

 does well. A mixture of crimson clover and oats is used 

 in peach sections in Michigan with success ; 12 quarts 

 of the former to 3 pecks of the latter per acre are sown 

 about the middle of August. The Geneva Experiment 

 Station recommends a mixture of K bushel of buck- 

 wheat to 1 bushel of field peas per acre for clay soils. 



The question of what * 'over-eroi.^- to use is best deter- 

 mined by an examina" ' ii . . haracter of the soil, 



and the condition of 1 1 . : ^. If the trees are 



growing slowly on nil 1 1 Me soil, it will prob- 



ably be advisable to 11-1 1 I I n._.M.. us Cover-crop. If, 

 on the other hand, the trees are making a luxuriant 

 growth, and the soil is of the heavy order, a member of 

 the non-nitrogenous group should be tried. 

 Kinds of Cover-crops. 



a. Rye, two bushels per acre. 



b. Buckwheat, }4 bushel per acre. 



c. Oats, 2}4 bushels per acre. 



d. Com, broadcast 1 bushel per acre. 



e. Rape or ttirnips, 3 pounds per acre. 

 2. Nitrogenous— 



a. Crimson clover. 16 pounds per acre. 



c. Sai 1^ ' 1 Is per acre. 



Veteli, 1 busliei per acre. 



John Cbaiq. 

 COWBERRY. Usually means faccinium I'itis-Idcea. 

 In parts of Scotland, Comarum palustre. 



COW-HEBB. Saponaria Vaccaria; not cult 



/ COWFEA. Fig. 567. The American name for Vig:na 



Cfttjang, Walp. ( r. .S-;),,'„.s;,s Eiiill. 1.1.1 t the Legu- 



mlnosEe allied to Doliiln.- an.I I 'ha In-. I rom Phaseo- 



lus (the common beani. \ i-na iliili !■- in m.t having a 

 spiral keel, style haii\ alu.x.. .-ii-ma ..liiii|ue or in- 

 trorse, and other minor 1. 1 Imual charai ters. In other 

 than American literature, the Cowpea is known as China 

 Bean and Black-Eved bean. In the S. it is commonly 

 known as Black Pea. Botanically it is a bean rather 

 than a pea. The Cowpea is a raiubling, tender annual, 

 native to China and Japan. In this country it is exten- 

 sively grown in the southern states, as a hay crop. It 

 is also invaluable as a green-mantire crop (see Cover- 

 crop). It is to the south what clover is to the north 

 and Alfalfa is to the west. It is sown broailcast after 

 the manner of field peas. From 3 to 5 pecks of seed are 

 used per acre. See C'ovrpeas, Fanners' Bull. 89, Dept. 

 of Agric, by Jared G. Smith. l_ h_ b. 



