terns, as opposed i 

 sive pleasure kim 

 books have hail li 

 editions. His inii 



Old World idea of exclu- 

 \ate parks. Downing's 

 li.i\'e gone through many 

 ^s.ir iu his purely pomo- 

 rii;irles, whose modest 



they do iiul ci,;>if pru^ru.^s. l\-vv of our horticultural 

 hooks areepoch-makiug. Downing's writings, however, 

 started a great popular mo-rement in America toward 

 beautiful homes and home grounds. By many persons, 

 Andrew Jackson Downing is considered the greatest 

 single figure in the history of American horticulture, 

 and one of the few persons who can be said to have had 

 real genius. An appreciation of Downing's personality 

 will be found in Prederika Bremer's "Homes of the 

 New World." (See Powningia, for the genus of plants 

 named after him.) -^ jj 



DOWNING, CHAELES (Plate H), distinguished po- 

 mologist and elder brother of Andrew Jackson Downing, 

 the landscape gardener, was born at Newburg, N. Y., 

 July 9, 1802. He was educated at the local academy, 

 and from the age of 13 to 18 worked part of the time in 

 his father's nursery. At the age of 20 he started in the 

 nursery business on his own account. From 1834 to 

 1839 his brother Andrew was a partner in this busi- 

 ness. About 1850, he sold out his nursery business and 

 devoted himself to the study of varieties of fruits, on 

 which subject he was the leading- ,iiiili..i II \ until his 

 death. The Fruits and Fruit Tr.. -■( \im m ,. is the 

 monumental American work on ^:l( ■ ! ■ : i -. The 



book was projected by Andrew, but : .. j i,,,;^..fthe 



work was done by clKn-b-s in c-.intniuiiii,' ainl in miiigit. 



His test orchari 



rieties of appb 



portion. In 18b'. 



Downing was v« 



make a public s 



■ ■! ti. , s and grafts of 1,800 va- 

 i"l other fruits in pro- 

 put through it. Charles 

 I irnl ntiring. Hewouldnever 

 lut he wrote many pomological 

 articles over the signature "CD." All his work is marked 

 by conscientious accuracy. He was married, but, like his 

 brother, had no children. He died Jan. 18, 1885. 



W. M. 

 DOWNINGIA (after Andrew Jack.son Downing, of 

 whom a sk.t.h is f;iven above). LobeUhcem. Three 

 species I. f annual herbs, 2 from western America, 1 from 

 Chile, much branched, diffuse, with pretty and charac- 

 teristic fls. Lvs. alternate, entire, passing above into 

 bracts : fls. blue or violet, marked with yellow and 

 white; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lobes much narrower 

 than the 3 lower ones ; tube of stamens free from the co- 

 rolla: seeds numerous, small, oblong to spindle-shaped. 

 This genus has no near allies of much garden value. It is 

 still known to the trade as Clintonia. David Douglas 

 (see Dnn,,h,sia) named it after DeWitt Clinton in 1829, 

 but iu I'sIS I -, iin- ..f (he lily family had been named 

 after tli. < !. i ; ,.■. 1 ' -.\ rrnor of New York and projector 



of the I 

 In l.s. 



J),ilch. I 



of re.-., 

 that it . 

 est, f.T 

 ble plat 



: . . ill the Botanical Register, of C. 

 IS little plant more for the sake 

 -I. iiee than from any expectation 

 .1. an object of horticultural inter- 

 ' > . a far hardier and more cultiva- 

 - .1 I . i.i. d. there can be little hope that 

 ■; it is, will be preserved." Nevertheless, 

 pulchella is still cultivated, while elegaus is unknown to 

 the American trade. In Lindley's time, pulchella was 

 grown in a fl.iwer pi.t and treated as a tender plant. 

 Nowacla>v if i, , 1 --.i, i-,.,l perfectly hardy, the seed be- 

 ing s..\mi I, I jiv.und. The credit of simplifying 

 theeiilii ■ lit is given to Haage & Schmidt, 



Erfurt, M.ii have fixed varieties that are 



chieHy I.Ku au.i .In. ily violet, though in each case the 3 

 lower lobes of the corolla have a 3-lobed spot of white 

 iu the middle, and a 3-lobed spot of yellow at the base. 

 The plants grow about (> in. high, and have been recom- 

 mended for edgings. For culture, see Annxials. 

 K. Fls. large, nilh a 3-lobed spot of yellow : les. obtuse. 



DRABA 



divisions of the upper lip ovate-lanceolate or oblong and 

 strongly diverging. Calif. B.R. 22:1909. R.H. 1861: 171. 

 R.H. 1895, p. 19, shows its straggling habit as a pot-plant. 

 Many of the branches fall below the top of the pot. 

 AA. Fls. half as laryr as tlir ahnre, and no yellow spot : 



§legans, Torr. ('. . 

 I'eolate; the broad li|. 

 [»f the smaller lip la 

 white, but no yellow 



■J, fron 



l.s. without bract 



e of the lvs.). 



I. iii.ist impor- 



-.1 the alpine 



. .1 genus of 



aall, white. 



'-. I^..UL^1. Lvs. ovate to Ian- 

 rat. ly ;:-!.. bed; the 2 divisions 

 ate. parallel; lower lip with a 

 IV spot;. Calif. B.E. 15:1241. 



W. M. 

 DEABA (Greek, a 

 Crueiferw. WmrL-'V 

 tant groups of s|.ii' 

 garden. It is a l:.i 

 tufted, hardy herl.-. 

 rosette, mostly uneut 

 cemes short or long 

 yellow, rosy or purple. 



Drabas are very pretty, dwarf, compact alpine plants, 

 with small but numerous fls. ; admirably adapted for the 

 rockery or front part of a sunny border. They require 

 a sunny position and an open soil. It is important 

 that they be well matured by the autumn sun. The 

 plant forms a dense little rosette of lvs., and has a neat 

 appearance at all times. In spring, Drabas are thickly 

 covered with their little fls., and when planted in masses 

 are decidedly effective. Prop, chiefly by division; also 

 by seed, which may be sown in the fall "if desired. 



Cult, by J. B. Keller. 

 Of the species described below, only the first, second, 

 fourth and sixth are advertised in Amer. at present. 

 The rest are worth introduction, and can be procured 

 abroad under their names or synonyms. 

 A. Flowers yellow. 

 B. Lfs. rigid, keeled, ciliate. 

 c. Scape not hairy. 

 D. Style as long as the pod is wide. 

 aizoides, Linn. About 2-3 In. high : lvs. lanceolate- 

 linear : stamens nearly as long as the petals. March. 

 Eu. B.M. 170. 



DD. Style half as long us the pod is wide. 

 Alzoon, Wahl. About 3 in. high : lvs. linear. April. 

 Europe. 



cc. Scape hairy {rillons or pubescent). 

 D. Pod lanceolate, bristly. 

 cuspidjtta, Bieb. Lvs. linear : style a little shorter 

 than the pod. Asia Minor. 



DD. Pod oval, ptibescent. 

 Olympica, Sibth. {D. briiniafdlia. Stev.). 

 high : lvs. linear, a trifle keeled : petals twi 

 the calyx and stamens : style very short. Jc 

 Orient. 



BB. lAis. not rigid or keeled. 



hiapida, Willd. (P. /,,.?.,.'/,/., Hfi. About 3 in. 

 high: lvs. obovafe. iiarr..\i . I int.. ,i L.tn' petiole, ob- 

 scurely 3-toothed at tin- a).. \. ~..ni. what bristly: pods 

 oblong, not hairy. Scotland, e autasus. 



cc. Scape more or less hairy. 

 D. Hairs long, soft and slender, i.e., pilose. 

 alplna, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, flat: pods oblong: style 

 very short. April. Arctic regions. 



DD. Hairs short, soft and downy, i.e., pubescent. 

 ai^ea, Vahl. Doubtfully perennial or biennial: lvs. 

 ovate-lanceolate, entire or remotely serrate : pods ob- 

 long-lanceolate. Arctic regions. B.M. 2934. 

 AA. Flowers white. 

 B. Plants biennial or annual. 

 cinirea, Adams. Lvs. oblong-linear: pods oblong, pu- 

 bescent, shorter than the pedicel. Early spring. Siberia. 

 — Closely related to />. conftisa. but has a looser, weaker, 

 less leafy stem, the stejn-lvs. 5-6, scattered, entire. 



About 4 in. 

 te as long as 

 ne. Greece, 



