1878.J 



THE LANCASTER FARMER. 



25 



prominent part in the discussion of dairy 

 qiii'sticins, liavinj; spoken before tlie leading 

 assoeiation of Great IJritaiu as well as before 

 the most important ones in tliis eouiitry. We 

 give only the prineiiial jioints of his speeeli on 

 the "fast, I'resent and Fulure of Dairying :" 



Mr. Ucall began by eonlrasting the i)ros- 

 perityof the dairy industry wii h other lirauches 

 of farming, business and manufacturing which 

 had outrivaled all. Cheese and butter were 

 now bringing relatively higher prices than 

 ever before. The experts last year to (Jreat 

 Britain, our chief customer, had amounted to 

 11U,000,UO(I pounds, worth over S10,(IIK),(1(H), a 

 large increase over the past, and susceptible 

 of still greater enlargement. Butter had also 

 been exported to the amount of 14,(1(10,000 

 pound.s. It was a known fact that the home 

 consumption is not commensurate with the 

 foreign demand for cheese, but it is liecause 

 the best grades were sent abroad and the poorest 

 quality forced upon our people. If the Ameri- 

 can consumers were given a line, full cream 

 cheese, instead of an article skimmed to death, 

 it would become popular as a wholesome and 

 nutritious food. It was the skimmed cheese 

 which naturally lies like a grindstone upon 

 the stomach, and gave our people the opinion 

 that cheese was indigestible. A mild, rich 

 kind is demanded by the home trade, and 

 would be appreciated as highly here as in 

 England. In reference to butter, a stale arti- 

 cle, however tine, was no longer wanted. The 

 public taste had become so well cultivated that 

 fresh flavored butter was demanded at all sea- 

 sous of the year. To meet this demand the 

 system of winter dairying, so successfully 

 practiced in Illinois, where the finest .stock is 

 made at all seasons of the year, must be ex- 

 tended. Creameries or the associated plan of 

 butter making must take the jdace of private 

 dairies because a much higher price is realized 

 for the product, and much waste and labor is 

 saved the dairyman. Besides all classes should 

 have the opportunity to enjoy flue butter, at 

 reasonable prices, as well as all other articles 

 of food. 



Concerning some of the evils that have crept 

 into the manufacture of cheese and butter, 

 the speaker said: "Whilst the pennies are 

 important, some dairymen value them too 

 highly ; often to the loss of dollars. I know 

 that the profits of any branch of farming are 

 light, and that it is only by unceasing labor 

 and untiring watchfulness that the husband- 

 man is enabled to live and accumulate some- 

 thing for himself and his loved ones. I know 

 tluit the farmer is compelled to labor from 

 early morning until the sun has sunk in the 

 west, and to practice the severest self-denial 

 in order to make both ends meet. I know 

 that if he accumulates something for the future, 

 it is only. by years of unremitting labor. He 

 has but few of life's comforts, much less of 

 luxuries. The pleasures of the city folks and 

 their social advantages are unknown to him. 

 The rapid accumulation of wealth by the fortu- 

 nate merchant, manufacturer and professional 

 man is beyond his power, even the thousand 

 comforts enjoyed by those in moderate means 

 in the city come not to the average farmer, 

 though all classes are primarily deiieudent 

 upon the toiling husbandman for all they have. 

 I know the hai'dships of the i)ioneers who 

 turned a wilderness into a jjaradise, and God 

 bless them for their noble endurance and self- 

 sacrilice. They have done more for the ad- 

 vancement of our country than all others be- 

 sides. Their toil, their suffering and their 

 life's service liave given us a land surpassed by 

 none. I realize by how small items the farmer 

 obtains the compensation for his labor ; but 

 because all these things are true he should not 

 depreciate the quality of his product in the 

 hope of large results from his toil. On the 

 contrary, lie should strive for excellence in all 

 his products. The best yields most and brings 

 the largest price. This is a universal law." 



Dairying gives its followers both physical 

 and intellectual food. No class think more, 

 experiment more, nor discuss more. This was 

 attested by their conventions, which should 

 contmue to be encouraged. They had been of 



vast benefit not only to their members but to 

 the entire dairy community. 



An imjiortant feature of the dairy industry 

 has been tlie successful establishment of two 

 distinctive dairy frtirs the [last year. One at 

 Meadville, I'a.,"and the other at Chicago, the 

 results of which would be of lasting benefit. 

 Dairy fairs were of long establishment in 



England, where two had also heen lieUl within 

 the year. In that country the leading men of 

 the nation took a pride in iiarticipation in 

 meetings of dairymen. At the fairs, dukes, 

 and lords and members of Parliament officiated. 

 The Prince of Wales prides himself on having 

 the finest dairy in England. The representa- 

 tive men of America would, sooner or later, 

 be glad to follow the example of the great 

 citizen who, for many years, has presided over 

 this organization and served its interests so 



largely. 



^ 



DARK BRAHMA FOWLS. 



Because of the alleged unmotherly and un- 

 fatherly characteristics of the Dark Brahmas, 

 they have not attained to the popularity, 

 among many people, which attaclies to the 

 Light Brahmas and the Cochins; but, not- 



withstanding this seeming untowardness, their 

 rare ipiality as layers has maintained their 

 status in the poultry world, and is renewing a 

 partiality in their favor. Our illustrations 

 represent a " married pair" of these subjects 

 of the "feathered realm,'' looking as unso- 

 phisticated as a pair of "Marblehcad .sipiashes" 

 that seem to have been specially created to be 

 converted into stews and pie.s. Our pictures 

 will give a better idea of the form and general 

 appearance of these birds than any description 

 of ours, however detailed and lengthy it might 

 be. The predominating colors of the cock 

 are black and white, and of the hen white 

 aiul steel-gray, beautifully penciled — indeed 

 in this respect, as well as in form, the latter 

 is a much prettier bird than her bmly male 

 partner. The Dark Brahmas are desirable 

 stock to cross with our common fowls, and to 



increase their size and table <iualities. If the 

 same care and perseverance were be.stowed 

 upon them that have been elicited by other 

 varieties, no doubt the results would have 

 been more satisfactory than they seem to have 

 generally been. We cannot attempt to trace 

 these birds to their luigin, whether that has 

 been in thi^ jungles of Java or in the moun- 

 tains of the moon. They are here amongst us 

 n'lW, and \\v nmst take them for what tliey 

 arc, rather than for what they were or may be 

 hereafter. 



*HOWFRUIT GRO"WING MAY BEMADE 

 A SOURCE OF PROFIT BY FARMERS. 



It is evident that farmers, in general, pay 

 loo little attention to Uw grcnving of fruit. 

 Comparatively few of them extend their 

 efforts in this direction beyond the care of an 

 apple orcliard, and the planting and subse- 

 ipient neglect of a few peach and cherry trees. 

 Many are led into this course by their want of 

 appreciation of good fruit; and others, no 

 doul)t, by the belief that they cannot make 

 fruit-growing a source of profit. 



Entertaining, as I do,, the belief that many 

 more fiuiners than are now engaged in fruit- 

 growing could do so jirofilably, I will mention 

 some points, altiMilion to which will serve to 

 make the undertaking a success : 



I. If Possible, Select Your Location Near the 



Best Markets. 



Most fruits are easily injured by transporta- 

 tion ; and, as with all other conunodities, dis- 

 tance from market increases the cost of the 

 consumer and dimiinshes the number of pur- 

 chases. Then, other things being equal, it is 

 evident that lu^ may hope for the largest re- 

 ceipts who.se farm is nearest to that market 

 where is found the greatest number of con- 

 sumers of fruit. 



We have illustrations of this in the advan- 

 tages possessed by farmers in New .lersey, 

 whose lands are near to Pliiladelphia or New 

 York, and tho.se in Delaware and on the east- 

 ern shore of Maryland, who liy means of 

 water and railroad communicalifm have al- 

 most hourly access to those great cities. 



But the extension of our lines of railway 

 and tlie perfection of metliods of carrying 

 fruit speedily and safely, have done much to 

 give even the remote fiirmer a satisfactory 

 nearness to markets. Thus even those who 

 live on the Pac-ilic slope now include among 

 their customers, as to certain varieties of their 

 fruits, consumers who live on the .shores of 

 the Atlantic. 



II. Select Such Fruits, and Such Varieties of 

 Them, as are Adapted to Your Market. 



The tastes of people difi'er greatly, and 

 their tastes nnisl be considered and gratified 

 if one would make money by selling to tliem. 

 That the Delaware grape is sweeter and more 

 refined than the Concord will hardly be ipies- 

 tioned, and yet "the Concord is the grajie for 

 the million," and the shrewd grape-grower 

 makes a note of the fact. Some grape eaters 

 have not yet advanced beyond a foTiilness for 

 the Lsabeila and the Clinton. Much as we 

 pity them, it is evident that if we sell grapes 

 to them in paying (pianties tlie varieties which 

 we offer theni must not he first-rate in quality. 



Still nuu'h can and should lie done to intro- 

 duce to ]iopular favor kinds of fruit which are 

 beneficial to health and i)lea.sant to the i)alate. 

 The taste of the jieople can be educated and 

 refined indefinitely, and farmers can lie helpers 

 in the good work. 



III. Select Such Fruits and Such Varieties of 



Them as are Adapted to Your 

 Climate and Soil. 

 Experience has shown that climate and soil 

 have much to do with the determination of 

 the question of successful fruit-growing. Va- 

 rieties which will llourish on one kind of soil 

 will fail on another, and tho.se which jiroduce 

 at one elevation or in a certain exposure will 

 be unprofitable under other circumstances. 

 Catawba grape rots and mildews so badly that 



•Au artdrCBB delivered before the Stale Board of Agricul- 

 ture, at it« recent meeiiu^. by PreeiUent James C'alder, oj 

 the state .\grlcultural Collcgo. 



